America's History Ch 20
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Progressivism | Movement for social change between the late 1890's and World War I. Its origin lay in a fear of big business and corrupt government and a desire to improve the lives of countless Americans. It set out to cure the social ills brought about by industrialization and urbanization, social disorder, and political corruption. |
| Lochner v. New York | overturns New York law setting maximum working hours for bakery workers on the grounds that maximum working hours violated the 14th Amendment |
| Pragmatism/William James | Believed that the modern society should rely on guidance on the test of scientific inquiry rather than on inherited ideas and moral principles. He was a key figure in the movement |
| Henry George | He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. |
| Edward Bellamy | Wrote Looking Backward; said that capitalism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end |
| Henry Demarest Llyod | One of the first progressive muckrakers he wrote an early expose on Standard Oil, "Story of a Great Monopoly", among others. He became a leading figure in the reform movement and influenced a generation of political activists. |
| Social Gospel Movement | a movement emphasizing the application of Christian principles to social problems |
| Jane Addams | the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycare, and child care classes |
| Muckrakers | This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt. |
| Josephine Shaw Lowell | founded the New York Charity Organization Society and the New York Consumers' League established in 1890. This organization strove to improve the wages and the working conditions of women workers in New York City. |
| National Consumers League | formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. |
| Muller v. Oregon | 1908 - Supreme Court upheld state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health |
| Settlement Houses | institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people |
| Hull House | Settlement house founded by progressive reformer Jane Adams in Chicago in 1889 |
| Florence Kelley | reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers and helped found the National Child Labor Committee |
| National Women's Trade Union League | Established in Boston, Mass., in 1903, at the convention of the American Federation of Labor. Its purpose was to promote the economic betterment of women through trade union membership. |
| Feminists | women who believed in equality for all |
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman | She wrote Women and Economics(1898) that traced the history of sexual discrimination. Argued that confining women to the domestic sphere had become outdated. |
| Margaret Sanger | American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. |
| Robert M. La Follette | Progressive American politician; active in local Wisconsin issues and challenged party bosses; as governor, he began the reform program called the Wisconsin Idea to make state government more official |
| Direct primary | a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office |
| Initiative | Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters |
| Recall | the act of removing an official by petition |
| Hiram Johnson | A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican governor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Company | New York City fire in which 146 workers were killed because of flagrant violations of the fire code. Led to improvements in safety regulations |
| New York State Factory Commission | Created after the Triangle Shirtwaist fire this group, appointed by Congress, investigated business for safety violations and recommended a number of safety laws passed by Congress. |
| Anti-Saloon League | U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in 1893 in Ohio, by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield great political influence. |
| Immigration Restriction League | A Nativist group who wanted to restrict immigration into the U.S. to certain groups they deemed desirable. Because of them congress passed a bill in 1897 requiring a literacy test for immigrants. |
| American Federation of Labor | Coalition of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor |
| Samuel Gompers | He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. |
| Danbury Hatters Case | In 1908 the supreme court limited unions' right to set up boycotts in support of strikes. |
| White-primary | One of the means used to discourage African-American voting that permitted political parties in the heavily Democratic South to exclude African Americans from primary elections, thus depriving them of a voice in the real contests. The Supreme Court declared these unconstitutional in 1944. |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association | Became the most mainstream and nationally visible pro-suffrage group. Its strategy was to push for suffrage at the state level, believing that state-by-state support would eventually force the federal government to pass the amendment. |
| Birth of a Nation | 1915, 1st epic film and considered a technological milestone but controversial for its subject matter -Southern view of Reconstruction where Union soldiers were corrupt and members of the KKK were heroes in this film by D.W. Griffith. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP. |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | Founded in 1909, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement, to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks. |
| National Urban League | an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War |
| Conservation | the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources |
| Newlands Reclamation Act | 1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states |
| Coal Miners Strike of 1902 | This lasted several months, causing shortages affecting the consumers, Roosevelt ended it through arbitration with the workers and owners. It was the first time the government did not immediately side with the business owners. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices |
| Elkins Act | Fined Railroads who gave rebates and shippers who accepted them. It gave more power than the ICC to regulate the monopolistic railroads. |
| Hepburn Act | Prohibited free passes. Gave ICC enough power to regulate the economy. It allowed it to set freight rates and required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies. |
| Samuel Hopkins Adams | Muckraker that exposed many of the false claims made about patent medicines, pointing out that in some cases these medicines were damaging the health of the people using them. |
| Upton Sinclair | Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things he had seen. |
| Square Deal | Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers |
| William Howard Taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms, by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff and by the perception that he was not a conservationist; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff | Attempt at tariff reform by lowering tariff that ends up getting so many amendments tacked on that it increases the tariff |
| Pinchot-Ballinger affair | It pitted Chief Forester Gillford Pinchot against Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger. Pinchot, a chum of Roosevelt's accused Ballinger of plotting to transfer source-rich Alaskan land to a private business group. When Pinchot aired these charges, Taft fired him for insubordination. The affair marked Taft among progressives as a friend of the "interest" bent on plundering the nation's resource. |
| National Progressive Republican Party | Created by Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin it attempted to create an institutional framework for the national movement in which they believed themselves to be taking part. It was unsuccessful and replaced by other organizations including one led by Teddy Roosevelt. |
| Standard Oil case | a 1911 antitrust case in which the company was found guilty of violating the Sherman Act by illegally monopolizing the petroleum industry. |
| New Nationalism | Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them |
| Progressive Party/Bull Moose Party | Teddy Roosevelt became this party candidate in 1912, responded to the problems of industrialism and modern life |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize |
| New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. |
| Underwood Tariff Act | An early accomplishment of the Wilson administration, this law reduced the tariff rates of the Payne-Aldrich law of 1909 by about 15 percent. It also levied a graduated income tax to make up for the lost revenue. |
| Federal Reserve Act of 1913 | Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created a system of regional banks and a federal Board to stabilize the economy by regulating the supply of currency and controlling credit. |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | Corrected the problems of the Sherman Antitrust Act; outlawed certain practices that restricted competition; unions on strike could no longer be considered violating the antitrust acts |
| Federal Trade Commission | Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigates complaints against companies |
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