Late Middle Ages
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 charter | Written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town |
| capital | money for investment |
| partnership | groups of merchants pooled their funds to finance a large scale venture |
| bill of exchange | a piece of paper that allowed a merchant to exchange for gold in far away places |
| tenant farmer | famers who paid rent for their land |
| middle class | a class standing between nobles and peasants |
| usury | lending money at interest |
| guild | merchants and artisans formed associations |
| apprentice | trainee to a guild master |
| journeyman | salaried workers |
| exchequer | treasury to collect taxes |
| common law | a legal system based on custom and court rulings |
| jury | group of men sworn to speak the truth |
| lay investiture | a practice that the emperor appointed bishops |
| annul | to invalidate |
| crusade | holy war |
| schism | split, between the Roman and Byzantine empire |
| levy | to collect, taxes |
| religious toleration | a policy of allowing people to worship as they choose |
| scholasticism | a new theory that used reason to support Christian beliefs |
| vernacular | the everyday language of ordinary people |
| epic | long narrative peoms |
| flying buttress | stone supports that stood outside the church |
| illumination | artistic decoration of books |
| epidemic | outbreak of a rapid spreading disease |
| inflation | rising prices |
| longbow | weapon used to win battles at the beginning of the 100 years' war |
| William the Conquerer | Defeats Harold and becomes King of England |
| Henry II | develops common law; wants to try clergy in royal court |
| Tomas Beckett | Archbishop of Canterbury opposes Henry II for clergy trial in royal court; goes 'missing' |
| John | Faces 3 enemys, lost war to Philip II over English lands in France; disagreed with pope; Signed Magna Carta |
| Magna Carta | "Great Charter" assured EVERYONE, even monarchs have to follow laws |
| Otto I | Names himself King of Germany; crowned by pope Holy Roman Emperor |
| Henry IV | thinks if Church officials get royal lands, emperors should appoint them; excommunicated by pope; repents and is forgiven; then leads army to exile pope |
| Concordat of Worms | church as sole authority to elect and invest bishops w/ spiritual authority -> emperors have sole authority to grant fiefs |
| Federick II | spends too much time in Italy; weakens Germany |
| Pope Innocent III | launches crusades against Albigensians in south France |
| Pope Urban II | called for 1st crusade to regain holy land; hoped it would heal schism |
| Council of Clermont | an assembly for church reform called by Pope Urban II |
| 3rd crusade | christians fail to capture Jerusalem; Saladin opens Jerusalem to Christians |
| Saladin | Muslim leader who controls Jerusalem |
| Reconquista | A, The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. |
| Isabella and Ferdinand | married; joined empires and push muslims out of Spain |
| Christine de Pizan | educated Italian women, smarter than men of her time, spoke French, Italian, and maybe Latin. became a writer to support her 3 children. wrote The City of Ladies which examined men's negative views of women, etc. |
| Aristotle | teachings translated into Arabic and Latin; encouraged learning not by faith but by learning |
| Tomas Aquinas | examined Christian teachings using reason; faith and reason can exist in harmony |
| John Wycliffe | attacks church for corruption; bible is only true source of truth |
| Jan Hus | lead wycliffe's reforms in the Czeck Republic; followers -hussites |
| hundred years war | england and france fight series of conflicts |
| Edward III | English King who claims French throne; war erupts |
| Joan of Arc | peasant woman who claims was sent by good to save France |
| cannon | weapon that helped france win final battles of the 100 years' war |
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