| Term | Definition |
|---|
| enzymes | proteins that speed up chemical reactions |
| hormones | proteins or steroids produced in one part of the body but influence other parts of the body |
| buffers | proteins that absorb extra hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions; resist changes in pH |
| antibodies | proteins that help fight infections |
| amino acids | monomers that make up the polymer protein |
| side group | portion of amino acid that gives each amino acid its distinct property |
| peptide bond | type of bond that holds amino acids together |
| polypeptide | another name for a protein that has a primary, secondary, or tertiary structure |
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids of a protein |
| secondary structure | helical (spiral) or pleated protein caused by hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | the folding of a protein due to hydrogen bonds and other interactions between amino acid side chains |
| quaternary structure | the bonding of two or more proteins together; examples include the fibrous protein collagen and the globular protein hemoglobin |
| carbon skeleton | carbons covalently bonded to other carbons forming straight chains, branched chains or rings |
| functional group | a group of atoms that behave in a predictable way; examples include carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, and hydroxyl groups |
| hydrophylic | being attracted to water |
| hydrophobic | the tendency to avoid water |
| helix | spiral protein forming a secondary structure |
| pleated | a "back-and-forth" shaped protein that is a secondary structure |
| globular protein | a quaternary protein that is folded in such a manner that it resembles a "glob"; example is hemoglobin |
| fibrous protein | a quaternary protein that is made of several protein fibers that are woven together; an example is collagen |
| denaturation | the unraveling of a protein so that it no longer functions properly |
| catalyst | anything that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| hydrogen bond | a bond between two polar side groups that holds secondary, tertiary, and quarternary proteins together |
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