History Chapter 12
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ccowart0310 on February 1, 2011
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Clovis | established a Frankish kingdom; became a Catholic Christian; he established a powerful kingdom with the help of the RCC |
| wergeld | the amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person injured or killed |
| the ordeal | an extreme feat performed to see if you are guilty or not; based on the idea of divine intervention |
| bishop | head of the Christian community in each city |
| archbishop | ruled all of the dioceses of a Roman province |
| diocese | bishop's area of jurisdiction |
| archdiocese | archbishop's area of jurisdiction |
| monk | "someone who lives alone"; men cut off from the secular world; sometimes were teachers |
| monasticism | term to describe communal living for monks |
| St. Benedict | person who established the basic form of monastic life in the western Christian church |
| abbot | father of the monastery |
| abbess | the head of a convent |
| nun | female version of monks |
| Charlemagne | "Charles the Great"; wise patron of learning; expanded territory and established the Carolingian Empire |
| missi dominici | "messengers of the lord king" |
| Emperor of the Romans | Charlemagne's new title as his power grew; given to him in 800 |
| Magyars | people from western Asia who moved into central Europe; converted to Christianity and created the kingdom of Hungary |
| Vikings | warriors whose love of adventure and search for treasure and new places to trade led them to invade parts of Europe; had shallow boats so that they could go in shallow places such as rivers |
| vassal | a lord's subordinate |
| feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service |
| knights | heavily armored calvary |
| fief | the grant of land made to a vassal |
| subinfeudation | vassals subdivide their own lands in order to have their own vassals |
| manor | an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants |
| serfs | people bound to the land and required to provide labor, pay rents, and be under the lord's jurisdiction |
| demesne | the land retained by the lord |
| three-field system | the system in which one field was plotted in fall with winter grains; vegetables planted in the second field; the other field lies fallow |
| aristocracy | a nobility of people who held real political, economic, and social power |
| commercial capitalism | an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods in order to make profits |
| burgher | another name for townspeople/ middle class |
| commune | an association formed when the townspeople experienced problems in getting privileges; community of people held together by an oath |
| guilds | groups of artisans determined by their craft |
| William the Conqueror | crowned the king of England after defeating king Harold; established a strong, centralized monarchy |
| common law | law that was common to the whole kingdom |
| Magna Carta | term that means great charter |
| Model Parliament | Edward I invited 2 knights from every county and 2 residents from each town to meet with the Great Council (Parliament of 1295) |
| Hugh Capet | first ruler of the Capetian dynasty |
| Estates-General | representative body from 3 classes in France |
| Otto I | the best known of the Saxon kings of Germany; crowned by the Pope as emperor of the Romans |
| Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionary brothers who converted the Slavic people of Moravia |
| Oleg | a Viking leader who created the Rus state known as the principality of Kiev |
| Vladimir | a Rus ruler who married the Byzantine emperor's sister and accepted Christianity for himself and his people |
| lay investiture | the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and invested them with the symbols of their office |
| Pope Gregory VII | pope who fought the practice of lay investiture |
| King Henry IV of Germany | opposed Pope Gregory VII and supported lay investiture |
| Concordat of Worms | a compromise in which it was decided that the Church alone could appoint Church officials and invest with religious authority; civil rulers retained the right to invest these officials with fiefs = veto power; 1122 |
| Pope Innocent III | pope who gets in a power struggle with King John, who is the archbishop of Canterbury |
| interdict | forbade priests to dispense the sacraments of the church in the hope that the people would exert pressure against the ruler |
| sacraments | rites necessary for Christian salvation |
| Cistercian order | founded by a group of monks dissatisfied with the moral degeneration and lack of strict discipline at their Benedictine monastery; farmers |
| St. Bernard of Clairvaux | a person who embodied the new spiritual idea of Cistercian monasticism |
| St. Dominic | a Spanish priest who wanted to defend church teachings from heresy |
| heresy | beliefs contrary to official church doctrine |
| Holy Office | a court that had been established by the church to find and try heretics; also known as the Inquisition |
| universitas | a corporation or guild; refers to either a corporation of teachers or students |
| liberal arts | grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy; basis for a well rounded education |
| lecture | "read"; method by which teaching was done |
| queen of the sciences | theology was ________ in the new universities |
| scholasticism | used to refer to the philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools |
| the philosopher | nickname for Aristotle |
| St. Thomas Aquinas | the best known scholastic philosopher |
| romanesque | a style of architecture in the 11th and 12th centuries with thick walls and small windows and barrel vaulting |
| gothic | a style of architecture in the 12th and 13th centuries with large windows, rib vaulting, flying buttresses, and thin walls |
| Pope Urban II | pope who challenged Christians to fight in the Crusades to recover the Holy Land; promised remission of sins |
| Saladin | his Muslim forces captured Jerusalem |
| little ice age | shortened growing seasons; heavy storms/ constant rain; led to famine and hunger |
| Black Death | a plague of the mid 14th century that was the most devastating natural disaster in European history |
| Yersinia pestis | the deadly bacterium that was hosted in fleas on rats |
| flagellants | people who resorted to extreme measures to gain God's forgiveness |
| pogroms | massacres |
| longbow | a bow with greater striking power, longer range, and more rapid speed of fire than the crossbow |
| Joan of Arc | a deeply religious person who believed that her favorite saints had commanded her to free France |
| cannon | a new weapon made possible by the invention of gunpowder |
| Holy Roman Empire | Italy was considered the center of the _____ _______ ______ |
| Charles Martel | Frankish leader who defeated the Muslims in Spain in 732 |
| Pepin | father was Charles Martel; removed the last "Do Nothing" king with the Pope's approval |
| Pope Leo III | the pope who crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans in 800 |
| Treaty of Verdun | divided Charlemagne's empire into three sections (one for each grandson) |
| Barbarossa | the king from Germany who was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade |
| Philip Augustus | the king from France who was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade |
| Richard the Lionhearted | the king from England who was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade |
| romances | later Middle Age poets' stories of love and adventure |
| troubadours | wandering musical entertainers/ minstrels |
| Domesday Book | survey of England's population; taxes |
| Salisbury Oath | required all nobles to swear an oath of primary loyalty to the king |
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