| Term | Definition |
|---|
| HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4, H2PO4 | 7 strong acids |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solute | the substance present in a smaller amount in a solution |
| solvent | the substance present in a larger amount in a solution |
| aqueous solution | a solution in which the solvent is water |
| electrolyte | a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity |
| activity series | a summary of the results of many possible displacement reactions |
| combination reaction | a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single product |
| hydration | the process in which an ion or a molecule is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner |
| combustion reaction | a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, usually with the release of heat and light, to produce a flame |
| diprotic acid | each unit of the acid yields 2 protons upon ionization |
| dilution | a procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution |
| displacement reaction | an atom or an ion in a compound is replaced by an atom of another element |
| disporportion reaction | a reaction in which an element in one oxidation state is both oxidized and reduced |
| equivalence point | the point at which the acid has completely reacted with or been neutralized by the base |
| gravimetric analysis | an experimental procedure that involves the measurement of mass |
| half reaction | a reaction that explicity shows electrons involved in either oxidation or reduction |
| hydronium ion | the hydrated proton H30+ |
| indicator | substances that have distinctly different colors in acidic and basic media |
| ionic equation | an equation that shows dissolved species as free ions |
| metathesis reaction | a reaction that involves the exchange of parts between two compounds |
| concentration of a solution | the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution |
| molarity | the number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent |
| molecular equation | equations in which the formulas of the compounds are written as though all specied existed as molecules or whole units |
| monoprotic acid | each unit of the acid yields 1 proton upon ionization |
| net ionic equation | an equation that indicates only the ionic species that actually take part in the reaction |
| neutralization reaction | a reaction between an acid and a base; produces water and a salt |
| oxidation number/state | the numbe rof charges an atom would have in a molecule if electrons were transferred completely in the direction indicated by the difference in electronegativity |
| oxidation reaction | the half-reaction that involves the loss of electrons |
| oxidation reduction reaction | a reaction that involves the transfer of electron(s) or the change in the oxidation state of the reactants |
| oxidizing agent | a substance that can accept electrons from another substance or increase the oxidation numbers in another substance |
| precipitate | an insoluble solid that separates from the solution |
| precipitate reaction | the reaction that results in the formation of a precipitate |
| quantitative analysis | the determination of the types of ions present in a solution |
| redox reaction | a reaction in which there is either a transfer of electrons or a change in the oxidation numbers of the substances taking part in the reaction |
| reducing agent | a substance that can donate electrons to another substance or decrease the oxidation numbers in another substance |
| reduction reaction | the half reaction that involves the gain of electrons |
| reversible reaction | a reaction that can occur in both directions |
| salt | an ionic compound made up of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH- or O^2- |
| solubility | the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature |
| standard solution | a solution of accurately know concentration |
| titration | the gradual addition of a solution of accurately known concentration to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete |
| spectator ion | ions that are not involved in the overall reaction |
| triprotic acid | each unit of the acid yields 3 protons upon ionization |
| strong acid and base | strong electrolyte which is assumed to to ionize completely in water |
| decomposition reaction | the breakdown of a compound into 2 or more components |
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