Ch 6 Lymphatic and Immune Systems
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nikitha123 on February 2, 2011
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121 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 allergist | specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity |
| hematologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders or the blood and blood-forming tissues |
| immunologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system |
| oncologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer |
| interstitial fluid | plasma that flows out of capillaries into the spaces between the cells |
| lymph | remaining interstitial fluid that has not been reabsorbed |
| lymph capillaries | microscopis thin-walled tubes located just under the skin, carry lymph from the tissues to the deeper and larger lymphatic vessels and ducts |
| right lymphatic duct | right side of head and neck; upper right quadrant of body |
| thoracic duct | all other areas of the body drain into it |
| lacteals | specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi that line the walls of the small intestine; fats and fat soluble vitamins absorbed |
| lymph nodes | small bean shaped structures located in lymph vessels; filter harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells |
| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat |
| adenoids | nasopharyngeal tonsils; located in the nasopharynx |
| palantine tonsils | located in the right and left sides of the portion of the throat that is visible through the throat |
| lingual tonsils | located at the base of the tongue |
| vermiform appendix | lymphatic tissue that hands from the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine; protects against the entry of invaders through the digestive system |
| Peyer's patches | small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum (final portion of the small intestine) |
| spleen | saclike mass of lymphatic tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach |
| hemolytic | destroys worn out blood cells and liberates hemoglobin; spleen |
| cervical lymph nodes | in the neck |
| axillary lymph nodes | under the arms |
| inguinal lymph nodes | in the groin area of the lower abdomen |
| thymus | located superior to the heart and composed of lymphatic tissue |
| lymphadenitis | swollen glands; inflammation of the lymph nodes |
| lymphadenopathy | any disease process usually involving the enlargement of the lymph nodes |
| persistent generalized lymphadenopathy | PGL; continued presence of enlarged lymph nodes; indication of the presence of a malignancy or a deficiency in immune system function |
| lymphangioma | congential malformation of the lymphatic system, is a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels |
| splenomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the spleen; may be due to bleeding caused by an injury, infectious disease like mononucleosis, or abnormal functioning of the immune system |
| splenorrhagia | bleeding from the spleen |
| lymphangiography | radiographic examination of the lymphatic vessels after the injection of a contrast medium |
| lymphedema | swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph within the tissues |
| primary lymphedema | hereditary disorder that may appear at any time in life and most commonly affects the legs |
| secondary lymphedema | caused by cancer treatment (lymph node removal, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy), burns or trauma; affects the limb or body area nearest the missing lymph nodes |
| first line of defense | intact skin, respiratory system, digestive system, lymphatic system |
| immune reaction | one way in which the immune system destroys pathogens that have entered the body |
| antigen | any susbstance the body recognizes as foreign |
| antibody | disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen |
| lymphocytes | white blood cells formed by the bone marrow that specializes to act as antibodies so they can attack specific antigens |
| B cells/ B lymphocytes | specialized lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies; tranaformed into a plasma cells when it reaches an antigen it has been coded to destory |
| T cells | T lymphocytes; small lymphocytes that have matured in the thymus as a result of their exposure to thymosin |
| interferon | produced by T cells, family of proteins whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication |
| lymphokines | produced by T cells; direct immune response by signaling between cells of the immune system; attract macrophages to infected area |
| macrophage | eats invading cells and interacting with other cells of the immune system |
| phagocyte | large white cell that can eat and destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens |
| immunoglobulins | secreted by B cells; known as antibodies; five major classes are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM |
| complement | series of more than 25 complex proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form; activated by contact with antigen; puncture antigen's cell membrane once activated |
| immunity | state fo being resistant to a specific disease |
| natural immunity | passed from mother to developing child before birth; additional immunity provided by breast milk |
| acquired immunity | active immunity; obtained by developing antibodies during an attack of infectious disease |
| artificial immunity | acquired immunity; obtained through immunication or vaccination |
| allergy | hypersensitivity; overrreaction of the body to a specific antigen |
| cellular response | localized/ delayed allergic response; body does to react first time it is exposed to the allergen; sensitivity established after future contacts |
| systemic reaction | anaphylaxis; severe response; swelling and blockage of airways; can quickly become fatal |
| scratch test | diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens |
| autoimmune disorder | immune system reacts incorrectly to normal antigens and creates antibodies against the body's own tissues |
| immunodeficiency disorder | one or more parts of the immune systemare missing or not working properly |
| human immunodeficiency virus | bloodborne pathogen that progressively damages or kills cells of the immune system |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | advanced stage of HIV infection |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies; can produce a false-positive |
| Western blot | test given to confirm ELISA positive findings |
| immunotherapy | treatment of disease that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune system |
| rheumatoid arthritis | skeletal system |
| myasthenia gravis | muscular system |
| pernicious anemia | cardiovascular system |
| Crohn's disease | digestive system |
| multiple sclerosis | nervous system |
| alopecia areata | integumentary system |
| lupus erythematosus | integumentary system |
| scleroderma | integumentary system |
| vitiligo | integumentary system |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | endocrine system |
| Grave's disease | endocrine system |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | endocrine system |
| synthetic immunoglobulins | immune serum; used as a postexposure preventative measure (rabies and some hepatitis) |
| synthetic interferon | treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers |
| monoclonal antibodies | may enhance a patient's immune response to the cancer |
| immunosuppression | treatment used to interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens |
| corticosteroid drug | hormone-like preparation used primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant |
| cytotoxic drug | kills or damages cells; used as immunosuppressants and as antineoplastics |
| pathogen | microorganism that causes disease |
| bacteria | group of one-celled microscopic organisms |
| bacilli | rod shaped spore forming bacteria; tetanus and tuberculosis |
| rickettsia | small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites; Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
| spirochetes | spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement; Lyme disease |
| staphylococci | bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters; pus-forming infections such as boils and furuncles |
| streptococci | bacteria that form a chain; severe pharyngitis (strep throat) |
| fungus | simple parasitic plant |
| viruses | very small infectious agents that live only by invading cells |
| cytomegalovirus | group of large herpes type viruses that cause a variety of diseases |
| infectious mononucleosis | caused by Epstein-Barr virus; fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes |
| measles | acute, highly contagious infection caused by rubeola virus and transmitted airborne |
| mumps | acute viral disease characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands |
| rabies | acute viral infection that may be transmitted to humans by blood, tissue, or saliva of an infected animal |
| rubella | German measles (3 day measles); viral infection characterized by fever and a diffuse, fine, red rash |
| varicella | chicken pox; caused by herpes Varicella zoster |
| herpes zoster | shingles; acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve |
| West Nile virus | causes flu like symptoms; carried by birds and transmitted to humans by mosquito or tick bites |
| antibiotics | chemical substances capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic microorganisms |
| -cide | kills |
| -static | slows or stops growth of |
| neoplasm | tumor; new and abnormal tissue formation |
| angiogenesis | process by which a tumor supports it growth by creating its own blood supply |
| antiangiogenesis | form of cancer treatment that disrupts this blood supply to the tumor |
| benign | non-life threatening |
| staging | process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis |
| carcinoma | malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue |
| adenocarcinoma | any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue |
| sarcoma | malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue |
| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor ususally of the upper shafts of long bones |
| myosarcoma | malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | may affect skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs; associated with HIV |
| lymphoma | general term applied to malignancies that develop in the lymphatic system |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma | distinguished by presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (large cancerous lymphocytes); stages I to IV |
| non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | all lymphomas not Hodgkin's; low-grade (slow)-->intermediate-grade (growing moderately)-->high-grade (growing rapidly) |
| invasive ductal carcinoma | infiltrating ductal carcinoma; starts in the milk duct and breaks through the wall of the duct to invade fatty breast tissue; most common |
| ductal carcinoma in situ | breast cancer at its earlist stage (stage 0) before cancer has broken through the wallof the milk duct; cure rate near 100% |
| invasive lobular carcinoma | infiltrating lobular carcinoma; starts in milk glands, breaks through walls and invades fatty tissue |
| sentinel node | first lymph node to come in contact with cancer cells |
| modified radial mastectomy | surgical removal of the entire breast and axillary lymph node |
| brachytherapy | use of radioactive materals in contact with, or implanted into, the tissues to be treated |
| teletherapy | radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body |
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