1.
Being a 'carrier' means what?: The organism has only one allele for the disease - so it doesn't show up in them. But if they mate with another organism that also is a carrier of that defective gene, their offspring is going to to get it!
2.
Codons (groups of three bases) code for what?: Specific amino acids
3.
Define protein and list its functions: A biochemical composed of amino acids ... its function is to regulate chemical reactions, transporting and storing materials, and providing support
4.
Define ribosome: A small organelle in cells where proteins are made from amino acids
5.
Each gene is a set of instructions for making what?: protein
6.
How do the nucleotide bases pair up?: A + T
G + C
7.
How do the three parts of the nucleotide connect with one another?: The sugar connects with phosphate and a base
The phosphate only connects with the sugar
The base connects with the sugar
8.
Name the four nucleotide bases: Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
9.
Nucleotide bases are like books because why?: 1. You read them from one end to the other (Start to finish)
2. You can only read them in one direction
10.
The DNA alphabet consists of what letters?: A (adenine), T (thymine), G (guanine) and C (cytosine)
11.
The order of the nucleotide bases form codes that do what?: Tell cells what to do
12.
What are proteins made of?: long strings of amino acids
13.
What are the FIVE steps in making protein?: 1. First a copy of the section of the DNA strand containing a gene is made and is transferred out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
2. Then the copy of the DNA strand is fed through ribosome, three bases at a time
3. Then transfer molecules deliver amino acids from the cytoplasm of the cell to the ribosome (what amino acids are delivered is determined by the order of the bases in the transfer molecules)
4. Then 'like' bases on the transfer molecule then match up with bases on the copy of the DNA strand inside the ribosome
5. Finally, the transfer molcules drop off their amino acid 'suitcases' which are then strung together to form a protein!
14.
What are the three parts of the nucleotide?: 1. Sugar
2. Phosphate
3. the Base
15.
What are the three possible consequences of mutations?: 1. improvement
2. no change
3. harmful change
16.
What does the order of bases determine?: the order of amino acid in each protein
17.
What has genetic engineering already been used for?: a) to manufacture proteins
b) to repair damaged genes
c) to identify individuals who might be 'carriers' of an allele for a specific disease
18.
What is a 'pedigree' chart?: A tool to trace a trait through multiple generations in a family
19.
What is a 'recessive' disorder?: A hereditary disease that only occurs when a child inherits a defective gene from BOTH parents (parents might not even know they have that gene!)
20.
What is a repair enzyme's job?: To 'patrol' the DNA molecule for errors, and then correct them
21.
What is an example of a disease caused by a mutation?: "Sickle cell anemia" ... this occurs when there is a change in the DNA of red-blood cells through substitution of a base. It changes the shape of the red-blood cell to a long oval (instead of round). This shape can't carry Oxygen as well and clots easily (people can die from this disease)
22.
What is mutation?: When there is a change in the order of the bases in an organism's DNA
23.
What is mutigen?: The thing that causes the change in DNA
24.
What type of mutation is this an example of:
Original - C A C G C T C A T
Mutated - C A C C T C A T: Deletion
25.
What type of mutation is this an example of:
Original - C A T G C T C A T
Mutated - C A G G C T C A T: Substitution
26.
What type of mutation is this an example of:
Original - C A T G C T C A T
Mutated - C A T G A C T C A T: Insertion
