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Nations of the Arabian Peninsula Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen Served as trade centers Silk Road-->East Asia, Mediterranean Sea-->Europe, and Indian Ocean-->South Asia Bedouins spread Islam theocratic government government controlled by religious leaders Important to the British and French... Suez Canal was a vital link for trade between Asia and European ports, and in 1932 oil was discovered Oil principal resource of economy OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) formed to create policies on selling, pricing, and establishing production quotas for export US will never be part of OPEC guest worker Saudi Arabians are angry with these people because they are getting the good jobs; foreigner Additional large revenues Taxes on pilgrammages to Mecca and Medina Saudi Arabia serves as a big brother to other Arab countries and keeps peace in Arab-Israeli conflict why women cover all but their eyes and hands it is pleasing to God Eastern Mediterranean Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Cyprus Holy Places for Christians Jerusalem, Mount of Olives, Church of the Holy Sepulchre Holy Places for Jews Jerusalem, Second Temple, Wailing Wall, and Dome of the Rock *where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son to God. Holy Places for Muslims Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock *where Prophet Muhammad rose into Heaven Muslim Ottoman Empire is this government France upon the break-up of the empire, the northern portion containing Lebanon and Syria went to... Britain upon the break-up of the empire, the southern portion containing Jordan and Israel went to... Syrians and Lebanese hated the French because they pitted religions against one another. War broke out in 1930s Syria and Lebanon gain independence by 1946 Zionism 1850-1948 to make a homeland for the Jews in Palestine first attempt of the United Nations divide Palestine at the Jordan River West of the Jordan River Arab Land-West Bank East of the Jordan River Jewish state of Israel (independent in 1948) 1960 Palestine Liberation Organization was formed to regain the land for Arabs. Yassar Arafat leader of PLO Farming major economy/occupation in East Mediterranean Israel only developed country in region people Israel's greatest resource Northeast Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey Turkey biggest ally in the Northeast Mesopotamia land between the rivers Fertile Crescent in between Tigris and Euphrates rivers humid mountain regions rivers in the desert begin here writing developed by Sumerians Assyrians skilled warriors that developed weapons Phoenicians amazing ship builders and sailors with a good trading network and language Hittites, Kurds, and Persians three civilizations with a big influence Constantinople Istanbul Saddam Hussein makes an attempt to control the Arab oil fields first by invading Kuwait... ...US and 32 other nations form a coalition force 1990-1991 Reza Pahlavi takes over his father's reign as Shah of Iran 1951 Iran nationalizes the oil industry Pahlavi was pro-western Students from universities began to protest Shah goes to US for surgery fundamentalist government returns under once-exiled cleric Ayatollah Khomeini food Iran and Iraq import large quantities of Holocaust mass killing by fire Dead Sea tourist attraction, Empty Quarter, anyone can easily float because of the salt content, lowest place on earth, used for/in cosmetics Rub Al-Khali never been crossed, but Hitler thought he could, you can go in but you can't come out, in Saudi Arabia, size of Texas, oil-rich place, one of the largest sand deserts in the world Strategic Commodity a resource so important that nations would go to war if not in steady supply: e.g. petroleum, water, and uranium Kibbutz Collective farm in Israel Exotic rivers Rivers that begin in a desert and lead to a sea Al Qaeda a terrorist group opposed to the US, most feared, main goal: remove citizens of the Western world, means "the base" Secularism concept or doctrine that rejects religion, Middle East doesn't separate religion and government Sultanate Dynasty/ land governed by a Muslim ruler Politics of the Middle East Arab-Israeli conflict