1.
1951 Iran nationalizes the oil industry: Pahlavi was pro-western
2.
1960: Palestine Liberation Organization was formed to regain the land for Arabs.
3.
Additional large revenues: Taxes on pilgrammages to Mecca and Medina
4.
Al Qaeda: a terrorist group opposed to the US, most feared, main goal: remove citizens of the Western world, means "the base"
5.
Assyrians: skilled warriors that developed weapons
6.
Bedouins: spread Islam
7.
Britain: upon the break-up of the empire, the southern portion containing Jordan and Israel went to...
8.
Constantinople: Istanbul
9.
Dead Sea: tourist attraction, Empty Quarter, anyone can easily float because of the salt content, lowest place on earth, used for/in cosmetics
10.
East of the Jordan River: Jewish state of Israel (independent in 1948)
11.
Eastern Mediterranean: Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Cyprus
12.
Exotic rivers: Rivers that begin in a desert and lead to a sea
13.
Farming: major economy/occupation in East Mediterranean
14.
Fertile Crescent: in between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
15.
first attempt of the United Nations: divide Palestine at the Jordan River
16.
food: Iran and Iraq import large quantities of
17.
France: upon the break-up of the empire, the northern portion containing Lebanon and Syria went to...
18.
fundamentalist government returns: under once-exiled cleric Ayatollah Khomeini
19.
guest worker: Saudi Arabians are angry with these people because they are getting the good jobs; foreigner
20.
Hittites, Kurds, and Persians: three civilizations with a big influence
21.
Holocaust: mass killing by fire
22.
Holy Places for Christians: Jerusalem, Mount of Olives, Church of the Holy Sepulchre
23.
Holy Places for Jews: Jerusalem, Second Temple, Wailing Wall, and Dome of the Rock *where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son to God.
24.
Holy Places for Muslims: Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock *where Prophet Muhammad rose into Heaven
25.
humid mountain regions: rivers in the desert begin here
26.
Important to the British and French...: Suez Canal was a vital link for trade between Asia and European ports, and in 1932 oil was discovered
27.
Israel: only developed country in region
28.
Kibbutz: Collective farm in Israel
29.
Mesopotamia: land between the rivers
30.
Muslim: Ottoman Empire is this government
31.
Nations of the Arabian Peninsula: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen
32.
Northeast: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey
33.
Oil: principal resource of economy
34.
OPEC: (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) formed to create policies on selling, pricing, and establishing production quotas for export
35.
people: Israel's greatest resource
36.
Phoenicians: amazing ship builders and sailors with a good trading network and language
37.
Politics of the Middle East: Arab-Israeli conflict
38.
Reza Pahlavi: takes over his father's reign as Shah of Iran
39.
Rub Al-Khali: never been crossed, but Hitler thought he could, you can go in but you can't come out, in Saudi Arabia, size of Texas, oil-rich place, one of the largest sand deserts in the world
40.
Saddam Hussein makes an attempt to control the Arab oil fields first by invading Kuwait...: ...US and 32 other nations form a coalition force 1990-1991
41.
Saudi Arabia: serves as a big brother to other Arab countries and keeps peace in Arab-Israeli conflict
42.
Secularism: concept or doctrine that rejects religion, Middle East doesn't separate religion and government
43.
Served as trade centers: Silk Road-->East Asia, Mediterranean Sea-->Europe, and Indian Ocean-->South Asia
44.
Strategic Commodity: a resource so important that nations would go to war if not in steady supply: e.g. petroleum, water, and uranium
45.
Students from universities began to protest: Shah goes to US for surgery
46.
Sultanate: Dynasty/ land governed by a Muslim ruler
47.
Syria and Lebanon gain independence by: 1946
48.
Syrians and Lebanese hated the French: because they pitted religions against one another. War broke out in 1930s
49.
theocratic government: government controlled by religious leaders
50.
Turkey: biggest ally in the Northeast
51.
US: will never be part of OPEC
52.
West of the Jordan River: Arab Land-West Bank
53.
why women cover all but their eyes and hands: it is pleasing to God
54.
writing: developed by Sumerians
55.
Yassar Arafat: leader of PLO
56.
Zionism: 1850-1948 to make a homeland for the Jews in Palestine