THYME U.S. History Chapter 9
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ggrassey Plus on February 3, 2011
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 inauguration | ceremony in which the President officially takes the oath of office |
| cabinet | group of government officials who give advice to the President and are in charge of the Executive Branch departments (ex., Secretary of War, Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury; Attorney General) |
| necessary and proper clause | part of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to pass all laws necessary to carry out its Constitutional duties; also known as the "elastic" clause (Article I, Section 8, clause 18); Alexander Hamilton argued that this clause gave Congress the power to establish a national bank. |
| Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 | created the structure of the Supreme Court (6 justices) and created the lower federal courts; one of the first laws passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington. |
| Henry Knox | Secretary of War in the cabinet during Washington's presidency; he was also a Revolutionary War hero |
| John Jay | 1st Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; helped settle issues in the Northwest Territory by negotiating "Jay's Treaty" with the British on behalf of President Washington |
| tariff | a tax on imported or exported goods |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | the final battle of the Northwest Indian War (August 1794), which was a struggle between Native-American tribes and the U.S. government for control of the Northwest Territory (Ohio & Indiana). General "Mad Anthony" Wayne led the U.S. army; after this battle, the British did not help the Native-Americans, despite having encouraged them to fight against the U.S. |
| Treaty of Greenville | This agreement put an end to the Indian War in the Northwest Territory. In exchange for goods (such as blankets, utensils, and domestic animals), the Native Americans surrendered to the U.S. government large parts of modern-day Ohio, Indiana, and the future site of downtown Chicago. |
| Alexander Hamilton | He was the first Secretary of the Treasury; he supported a strong national government, the creation of a national bank, and the use of tariffs and taxes to pay off the national debt. Later, he helped start the Federalist Party. His views were strongly opposed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Organized revolt by Pennsylvania grain farmers who opposed the U.S. government's taxes on whiskey; angry farmers rioted, burned the homes of federal tax collectors, and tarred and feathered tax collectors. President Washington ordered U.S. troops to stop the protesters, many of whom were captured and later released. |
| French Revolution | The second great democratic revolution; began (1789) after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to help either the King or the revolutionaries. Revolutionaries wanted the "common man" to have power - not monarchs. The French people used violence and mass executions to overthrew King Louis XVI and his government; resulted in a series of unsuccessful governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799. |
| Jay's Treaty (Britain) | (1794) an agreement negotiated by John Jay to work out problems between Britain and the United States in the Northwest Territory (where some British troops had remained after the Revolutionary War), the British seizure of U.S. ships, and U.S. debts owed to the British. The Treaty was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships and did not open trade in the West Indies. |
| Pinckney's Treaty (Spain) | (1795) established commercial relations between Spain and the United States, granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River through Spanish territory, the ability for traders to store goods in New Orleans without having to pay tariffs, and established boundaries for Louisiana and Florida. |
| neutral | not supporting or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest |
| political party | a group of individuals with common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy (ex., Federalists, Democratic-Republicans) |
| Federalist Party | political party led by Alexander Hamilton; believed that wealthy and educated people should lead the nation; favored strong central government; favored business owners, manufacturers, shipping, and trade; also supported good relations with Britain (America's largest trading partner), favored a national bank; and favored protective tariffs. |
| Democratic-Republican Party | major political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; opposed to strong, national government. Supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. Farmers and agricultural interests in the southern states supported this party. |
| The XYZ Affair | U.S. went to Paris to negotiate a new treaty. However, the France diplomatic representatives demanded bribes. When Adams made public the envoys' demands, the French officials were identified by the last three letters of the alphabet. Their demands poisoned America's relations with its former ally, France. Because of this, by 1798, the United States and France were engaged in a mini-war at sea. United States neutrality was broken. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | Laws passed by Congress in 1798 that gave the government the power to imprison or deport foreigners and to prosecute people who criticized the government |
| Kentucky and Virginia resolutions | Written by Jefferson and Madison as a way to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts. Argued that states had the right to declare a law unconstitutional and "nullify" that law within its borders. |
| George Washington | The first president of the United States; set up first presidential cabinet; not a member of any political party; carefully tried to avoid actions that might make him appear to be a king ("Mr. President"); warned Americans to avoid permanent alliances with foreign nations. |
| John Adams | He was the 2nd President of the United States; also served as Washington's vice president. Member of Federalist party. As President, he was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts, which made him and the Federalists unpopular. |
| nullification | The idea that states can declare a federal law illegal and unconstitutional. Example - Kentucky and Virginia declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional. |
| General "Mad Anthony" Wayne | He led the United States to victory against the Native-American tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After this battle, the British refused to help the Native-Americans despite earlier promises. |
| sedition | rebellion or resistance against the government; often involves speech or writings |
| aliens | immigrants living in a country but who were not citizens |
| states' rights | Belief that states have the right to limit the power of the federal government; the Democratic-Republican party, led by Jefferson and Madison, developed this idea to support "nullification" of the Alien and Sedition Acts |
| foreign policy | a nation's plans for developing relationships with the governments of other countries |
| guillotine | Introduced as a method to execute thousands of people, including the King and Queen, during the "Reign of Terror" - the most radical phase of the French Revolution. This machine beheaded victims. |
| Edmund Randolph | the 1st Attorney General of the United Stated under President Washington |
| Little Turtle | led Native-American tribes to defeat against the United States Army in the Battle of Fallen Timbers |
| precedent | An act or statement that may serve as an example or justification for a later one. |
| debt | money borrowed and not yet paid back |
| Thomas Jefferson | He was George Washington's first Secretary of State. Along with James Madison, he opposed the idea of a national bank because he believed the words of the Constitution should be strictly (not loosely) interpreted. He also believed that the national government's powers should be limited. He supported small farmers and a good relationship with France. Finally, he was strongly opposed to the views of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists. |
| Convention of 1800 | An agreement (or treaty) that ended the undeclared war on the seas between France and the U.S. It also resulted in the U.S. remaining neutral in the war between France and Britain. Also called the Treaty of Mortefontaine. Finally, this treaty ended the alliance between France and the U.S. that had been in place since the Revolutionary War. |
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