Cell
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205 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cell Theory | All Living things made of cells; cells are smallest unit of life; cells come from other cells |
| All cells have: | Plasma Membrane |
| Symplast | Living part of cell |
| Apoplast | Outside of cell (environment) |
| Prokaryotic Cells (DNA) | dsDNA, long strand, circular, few proteins, "naked DNA" |
| Nucleoid | Region of the prokaryotic DNA |
| Prokaryotic Ribosomes | 70S |
| CW protein Euk. vs Prok | Prok: peptidoglycan Euk: Glycogen |
| Prokaryotic Cells DON'T HAVE | Membrane bound organelles, Complex Internal membranes (ER, Golgi), true cytoskeletons |
| Eukaryotic cells have | PM; Cytosol; Dual membrane organelles; haploid or diploid; complex internal membranes; cytoskeleton |
| Euk DNA | dsDNA; in chromatin structure most of the time; 50% DNA 50% Protein |
| Prokaryotic Simple - | ONLY HAPLOID |
| Euk Ribosomes | Large (80S) |
| Dual Membrane Organelles | Nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria |
| Single Membrane Organelles | Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endosomes, vesicles |
| Unicellular Euk | Yeast paramecium, amoeba; reproduce by fission because of chromosomes and mitosis some genetic modification |
| Multicellular Euk | Complex organisms; reproduce sexually/asexually, sex: HIGH level of genetic modification |
| Storage carbs | Plants: Starch Animals: Glycogen |
| Peripheral vs Integral proteins | Peripheral can be washed off, attached to Phospho heads or other proteins. Integral can't be removed w/o destroying membrane embedded. |
| Glycoproteins | Sugars covalently attached to protein (on external side of PM) |
| Functions of Proteins | Enzyme, receptors, transport, cell recognition |
| Chromatin | DNA+Protein |
| Nucleolus | site of ribosome synthesis; rRNA made first, then assembled into ribosome |
| Nuclear Pore Complex | Regulates entry/exit of nucleus |
| Nuclear Lamina | Gives shape to nucleus |
| What is the outer membrane of the Nucleus continuos with? | The RER |
| Mito Outer Membrane is___, ___ allow anything up to a certain size | Permeable; porins |
| Mito Inner membrane acts as ___ has ___ to increase surface area also contains enzymes for ____ | PM; cristae; ETC |
| Mito Matrix is filled with __ home of ____, also has _____ (___ version) | liquid; krebs cycle; DNA/Ribosomes, tRNA, rRNA; prokaryotic. |
| Chloro Reactions | Light in Grana (Contains Chlorophyll) Dark in Stroma |
| Chloro Stroma has __ | Enzymes for photosynthesis, DNA ribosomes, Prok. Versions |
| Chloro membranes are similar to ___ | Mito membrane |
| Endosymbiant Theory | Mito/Cplast may have evolved from small bacteria that were engulfed by larger bacteria during evolution of life |
| Evidence for Endosymbiant Theory | Both have Prok. features; 70S ribosomes, bacterial gene structure, few proteins on DNA, |
| Mito are distant relatives | of purple nonsulphur bacteria |
| Chloro are distant relatives | of cyanobacteria |
| Vacoule is bound by a | tonoplast |
| List of microbodies | Perioxisome,gloxysome, lysosome, ribosome, |
| Function perioxisome | breaks down peroxide |
| Gloxysome | breaks down fatty acids |
| lysosome | breaks down proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Ribosome | only organelle that DOESN'T have a membrane, composed of 2 subunits composed equally of rRNA and protein |
| Ribosomes have __ nucleotides | modified |
| Endomembrane system flow | Nucleus, RER, vesicles, Golgi, PM or lysosomes |
| Nucleus (Flow) | mRNA exits through nuclear pore to RER |
| RER (Flow) | Protein synthesized on ribosomes on sufrace. Enters lumen of ER where its modified |
| Golgi (Flow) | protein from ER is modified then transferred to PM/Organelles. |
| Glycosylation | Adding sugars to protein |
| SER | Site of lipid synthesis, drug detox, Calcium storage, connected with RER |
| Vesicle movement is | very specific, done via motor proteins and microtubule highway |
| Golgi's 2 sides | Forming/Cis side, faces ER. Maturing/Trans side faces PM |
| 3 Main components of cytoskeleton | Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
| Microtubules | Composed of tubulin (hollow) intracellular transport, spindle fibers |
| Microfilaments | composed of Actin, Located below PM, gives shape involved with different kinds of movement |
| Intermediate filaments | Can join between cells, nuclear lamina, scaffold of the cell, many different kinds of proteins are IF |
| Cell Wall - function | Protection from viruses, prevents lysing, gives shape to cell. |
| Cell Wall - structure | Fiber: Cellulose, Hydrated Matrix: Hemicelloulose (carb), Extensin (Protein) Adhesive: Pectins (carb) |
| CW formation | Primary CW formed first, Secondary CW formed second (2-3 layers) |
| CW is very ___ and ___ is tightly controlled | organized, structure |
| Middle Lamella | Composed of Calcium pectate, sticks cells together |
| Plasmodesmata | Entire outer pore complex of plant cell |
| Plasmodesmata function | Cell communication via SMALL chemical signals or electrical signals |
| Destotubulue | Connection between the ER's of both plant cells |
| Amount of Plasmodesmata depends on... | amount of cell communication |
| Extracellular Matrix is in what organism | Animals only |
| ECM Structure | Fiber: Collagen, elastin Hydrated Matrix: Proteoglycan Adhesive Molecule: Fibronectin, laminates |
| Gap Junctions (Connexons) | Connects Adjacent animal cells |
| Gap Junction Function | Communication via electrical signals (membrane potential) or small chemical signals |
| Main components of organic life | CHOPNS |
| 4 Macromolecules | Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Protein |
| 5 bonds in organic molecules | Covalent, Disulphide, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic interactions |
| Aldo vs Keto sugar | Aldo has carbonyl at the end of the chain 6 sided ring; Keto carbonyl in the middle 5 sided ring |
| If OH is below ring | Alpha form sugar |
| if OH is above ring | Beta form sugar |
| Bond between sugars | Glycosidic |
| Branches of sugars more common in ____ than ___ | Glycogen; Starch |
| Types of polysach. | Storage Structure |
| Structure Polysach | Can't be broken down (beta bond) Cellulose |
| Storage Polysach. | Can be broken down (alpha bond) |
| Lipid Function | Structural, Store energy, signal molecules |
| Fatty Acids | Long chain HC w/ carboxyl group usually 12-20C |
| Phospholipid structure | Glycerol 2FA tails 1 P group - charged |
| FA-Phospholipids spontaneously form structures in order of complexity: | Micelles, film, bilayer |
| Steroids | Lipids, 4 ring structure |
| Steroid function | Structural (cholest) Signal (estrogen) |
| Terpene subunit | isoprene, 5C |
| NA Functions | Informational, Structural, enzymes |
| NA informational | DNA/RNA |
| NA Structural | Part of Ribosomes, 7S RNA part of SRP, snRNPs |
| NA enzymes | Ribozymes |
| Ribozymes | short RNAs that act as enzymes |
| NA structure | 5C sugar, Nitrogenous base, Phosphate |
| If C2 sugar has OH | Ribose (RNA) |
| If C2 sugar has H | Deoxyribose (DNA) |
| Thymine vs. Uracil | Thymine has methyl while uracil has hydrogen |
| First NA has | 5' Phosphate |
| Last NA has | 3' Hydroxyl |
| Bonds between Nitrogenous bases | H-Bonds (3 for G-C, 2 A-T) |
| Bonds between backbones | Phosphodiester |
| Types of RNA | mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, Ribozymes, Nucleotides, Nucleotide Derivs. |
| snRNA | small nuclear RNA, snRNPs |
| Nucleotide Derivs. | NADH, FADH2, NADPH, cAMP; high energy compounds involved in e- transport, redox reactions |
| DNA replication enzymes | Helicase, topoisomerase, SSBP, Primase, DNA poly 3, DNA poly 1, Ligase |
| PCR Purpose | Make millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence |
| Needed for PCR | Template DNA, dnTPS (Deoxyribose Nucleotides, dA/G/C/TTPS) 2 Primers one for each strand Buffer (needs Mg) Enzyme - taq DNA poly |
| 3 Steps of PCR | Denaturing, Annealing, Extension |
| Formula for amount of DNA made from PCR | 2^n n=number of cycles |
| Two ways to do DNA fingerprinting | RFLP; PCR |
| Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) | How many times a DNA sequence appears |
| Protein Functions | Enzymes, structures, receptors, transport proteins, hormones, electron transport |
| Polar AA have | Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Amino, Sulfhydrul Charged: Carboxyl=Acidic, Amino=Basic |
| Bonds in Proteins | Disulfide, Hydrogen, Ionic, Hydrophobic Interactions |
| Disulfide bonds in proteins | Bend structure |
| Hydrogen in proteins | very common and important in proteins usually H + Amino or carboxyl |
| Primary Structure and Bonds involved | String of AA; peptide |
| Secondary Structure and Bonds involved | Alpha helix beta pleated sheet; H bonds |
| Tertiary Structure and Bonds involved | 3D structure; Disulfide, ionic, hydrophobic interactions, H bonds |
| Quaternary Structure and Bonds involved | 1+ subunit Disulfide, ionic, hydrophobic interactions, H bonds |
| Domain of Protein | Part of protein that does a specific function |
| Homeotic Gene | Genes that determine which parts of body from what body parts |
| Structural Motifs | Found in many proteins, do the same function |
| 7TM | 7 Transmembrane domains Usually a G protein linked receptor Found in both animals and plants same function |
| Types of structural motifs | Helix-Turn-Helix, Helix-Loop-Helix, Zinc Finger, Leucine Zipper All bind to DNA, transcription factors |
| Heat's effect on denaturation | Disrupts H and ionic bonds |
| pH's effect on denaturation | Disrupts charge of groups, ionic H bonds |
| Reducing Agent; Denaturation | Sulfhydrul bonds |
| Organic Solvent; Denaturation | Destroys entire structure |
| Which bond is NOT affected by denaturation? | Peptide |
| Few proteins ___ spontaneously | renature |
| Catalysts | Increase rate of reaction Not used up by reaction only small amount needed Don't alter equilibrium |
| Steady State vs. Equilibrium | Steady state is in living cells, equilibrium in solutions |
| Characteristics of Enzymes | Specific, Efficient, Regulated |
| Substrates go through ________ | activated transition states |
| Induced Fit Model | Enzyme confirms to substrate |
| Covalent Intermediates | Temporary covalent bonds between enzyme/substrate Temp. Donation of H+ or e- Enzyme can temp. stress substrate |
| Factors that affect enzyme activity | pH, Temp |
| small pH effect on enzyme | changes binding of protons on substrate, changes charge on sub/enzymes may not be able to bind at all or as well |
| Large pH effect on enzyme | disrupt tertiary structure of protein if partially unfolded, enzyme less active if completely unfolded enzyme totally inactive |
| Additional factors needed for enzymes | Coenzymes, prosthetic group, Metal Ions |
| Coenzymes | Small organic molecules Bind reversibly and noncovalentely to enzyme Can be released |
| Prosthetic group | organic compound (heme) Tightly bound to enzyme (covalent) NEEDED FOR ENZYME TO FUNCTION |
| Metal Ions | Bind to enzyme or Pros. Group Required for proper 3D structure |
| Allosteric Enzymes have ____ subunit | More than one |
| Catalytic vs. Regulatory | Cata: site of reaction, Reg: controls activity of catalytic site |
| Effector | small organic molecule that controls activity of enzyme |
| Feedback inhibition | products inhibit enzyme |
| Covalent Modification | Add or remove chemical groups from enzyme |
| Kinase | adds P group to enzyme |
| Phosphatase | removes P group from enzyme |
| Cascade Reaction | Repetition of kinase/phosphatase reactions |
| Proteolytic Clevage | Removal of AA to make active form of enzyme |
| Enzymes synthesized in an inactive form | Proenzyme, proprotein, zymogen |
| Reasons for Extra AA (Proteolytic) | Needed to fold protein, needed to keep protein inactive to protect cell |
| High levels of glucose, which pathway is turned on? | Glycogen Synthesis |
| Low levels of glucose which pathway is turned on? | Glycogen breakdown |
| cAMP | signal molecule |
| cAMP is normally at ___ levels. Why? | low, increase of cAMP leads to big effect, very unstable molecule |
| Phosphodiesterase breaks down ___ | cAMP |
| Phosphodiesterase is always ____ | active |
| Glycogen Synthase is usually ___ | active |
| Glycogen Synthase is inhibited by ___ | Protein Kinase A |
| Protein Kinase A | Regulates both pathways, Synthesis and breakdown. Target Enzymes: Glycogen Synthase, Phosphorylase Kinase |
| Type of regulation in glycogen synthesis | Allosteric |
| cAMP is made from | ATP, Adenylyl cyclase (integral membrane protein) creates it when signaled |
| Adenylyl Cyclase is usually ____ | inactive |
| Phosphorylase Kinase | Adds P to phosphorylase |
| Phosphorylase | breaks off one glucose monomer from glycogen |
| Remaining phosphorylated enzymes are deactivated by (2 things) | Spontaneous hydrolysis, or specific phosphatases |
| Kinds of phospholipids | Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, glycolipids |
| Phosphoglycerides | Glycerol backbone+2FA+P group+Polar/Charged head group |
| sphingolipids | Sphingosine + 2 FA + P group +Polar/Charged head group |
| Sphingosine | Serine+2FA |
| Glycoproteins | sugar covalently attached to phospholipids (Many in sphingolipid category) |
| Lipid Rafts | Region in bilayer that is thicker/less fluid than rest of membrane |
| Outer layer of lipid raft | high layers of cholest/glycosphingolipids Long sat. FA tails |
| Function of lipid raft: | Cell communication enriched with receptor/GPI proteins |
| GPI protein | Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol |
| OH from cholest can ____ to carbonyl of FA | H bond |
| Lipid Anchor | Attached to lipids in Bilayer FA or isoprenyl attached groups to protein |
| Lipid anchor is made in ____ on ___ | cytoplasm; free ribosomes |
| Isoprenyl Carbons | C5 Building Blocks |
| Farhesyl | C15 |
| Geranyl Geranyl | C20 |
| FA for Lipid Anchor | C14/C16 |
| GPI is made in ___ by ____ | RER; attached ribosomes |
| GPI is on the _____ side | enviro |
| Lipid anchor is on the ____ | Cytoplasm |
| ____ diffusion of lipids proteins is allowed, so is rotation | Lateral |
| ____ movement is not allowed or spotaneous | Transverse (flip/flop) |
| Transition temp | temp where membrane can go from gel to fluid |
| Adding Unsat. FA | Increases fluidity |
| Hydrocarbon chain length | Larger chain - higher transition temp (less fluid) |
| Cholest. Membrane | High Temps: Makes Bilayer less fluid Low Temps: Makes bilayer more fluid Adds mechanical strength to membrane |
| Net ____ charge on cytoplasmic side | Negative |
| Net ____ charge on enviro side | Positive |
| Membrane Potential | Charge difference across membrane |
| Molecules that can pass the membrane with no proteins | Small uncharged molecules, Gases, Water, some steroids (non polar) |
| Can't pass through without membranes | Large, Polar, molecules |
| Facilitated diffusion molecules go from | H-L |
| Types of Active transport | Direct, Indirect |
| Direct Transport | Chemical energy (ATP) 1 Protein |
| Indirect Transport | Ion Gradient Usually 2 Part system |
| Parts of Indirect Transport | 1 Protein uses ATP to setup Ion gradient 2nd Protein uses ion gradient as energy |
| Usually low ___ and High ___ in cell | Sodium, Potassium |
| __ Na out ___ K in | 3; 2 |
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