1.
__ Na out ___ K in: 3; 2
2.
____ diffusion of lipids proteins is allowed, so is rotation: Lateral
3.
____ movement is not allowed or spotaneous: Transverse (flip/flop)
4.
3 Main components of cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
5.
3 Steps of PCR: Denaturing, Annealing, Extension
6.
4 Macromolecules: Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Protein
7.
5 bonds in organic molecules: Covalent, Disulphide, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic interactions
8.
7TM: 7 Transmembrane domains
Usually a G protein linked receptor
Found in both animals and plants same function
9.
Adding Unsat. FA: Increases fluidity
10.
Additional factors needed for enzymes: Coenzymes, prosthetic group, Metal Ions
11.
Adenylyl Cyclase is usually ____: inactive
12.
Aldo vs Keto sugar: Aldo has carbonyl at the end of the chain 6 sided ring; Keto carbonyl in the middle 5 sided ring
13.
All cells have:: Plasma Membrane
14.
Allosteric Enzymes have ____ subunit: More than one
15.
Amount of Plasmodesmata depends on...: amount of cell communication
16.
Apoplast: Outside of cell (environment)
17.
Bond between sugars: Glycosidic
18.
Bonds between backbones: Phosphodiester
19.
Bonds between Nitrogenous bases: H-Bonds (3 for G-C, 2 A-T)
20.
Bonds in Proteins: Disulfide, Hydrogen, Ionic, Hydrophobic Interactions
21.
Branches of sugars more common in ____ than ___: Glycogen; Starch
22.
cAMP: signal molecule
23.
cAMP is made from: ATP, Adenylyl cyclase (integral membrane protein) creates it when signaled
24.
cAMP is normally at ___ levels. Why?: low, increase of cAMP leads to big effect, very unstable molecule
25.
Can't pass through without membranes: Large, Polar, molecules
26.
Cascade Reaction: Repetition of kinase/phosphatase reactions
27.
Catalysts: Increase rate of reaction
Not used up by reaction
only small amount needed
Don't alter equilibrium
28.
Catalytic vs. Regulatory: Cata: site of reaction, Reg: controls activity of catalytic site
29.
Cell Theory: All Living things made of cells; cells are smallest unit of life; cells come from other cells
30.
Cell Wall - function: Protection from viruses, prevents lysing, gives shape to cell.
31.
Cell Wall - structure: Fiber: Cellulose,
Hydrated Matrix: Hemicelloulose (carb), Extensin (Protein)
Adhesive: Pectins (carb)
32.
Characteristics of Enzymes: Specific, Efficient, Regulated
33.
Chloro are distant relatives: of cyanobacteria
34.
Chloro membranes are similar to ___: Mito membrane
35.
Chloro Reactions: Light in Grana (Contains Chlorophyll) Dark in Stroma
36.
Chloro Stroma has __: Enzymes for photosynthesis, DNA ribosomes, Prok. Versions
37.
Cholest. Membrane: High Temps: Makes Bilayer less fluid
Low Temps: Makes bilayer more fluid
Adds mechanical strength to membrane
38.
Chromatin: DNA+Protein
39.
Coenzymes: Small organic molecules
Bind reversibly and noncovalentely to enzyme
Can be released
40.
Covalent Intermediates: Temporary covalent bonds between enzyme/substrate
Temp. Donation of H+ or e-
Enzyme can temp. stress substrate
41.
Covalent Modification: Add or remove chemical groups from enzyme
42.
CW formation: Primary CW formed first, Secondary CW formed second (2-3 layers)
43.
CW is very ___ and ___ is tightly controlled: organized, structure
44.
CW protein Euk. vs Prok: Prok: peptidoglycan
Euk: Glycogen
45.
Destotubulue: Connection between the ER's of both plant cells
46.
Direct Transport: Chemical energy (ATP)
1 Protein
47.
Disulfide bonds in proteins: Bend structure
48.
DNA replication enzymes: Helicase, topoisomerase, SSBP, Primase, DNA poly 3, DNA poly 1, Ligase
49.
Domain of Protein: Part of protein that does a specific function
50.
Dual Membrane Organelles: Nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria
51.
ECM Structure: Fiber: Collagen, elastin
Hydrated Matrix: Proteoglycan
Adhesive Molecule: Fibronectin, laminates
52.
Effector: small organic molecule that controls activity of enzyme
53.
Endomembrane system flow: Nucleus, RER, vesicles, Golgi, PM or lysosomes
54.
Endosymbiant Theory: Mito/Cplast may have evolved from small bacteria that were engulfed by larger bacteria during evolution of life
55.
Enzymes synthesized in an inactive form: Proenzyme, proprotein, zymogen
56.
Euk DNA: dsDNA; in chromatin structure most of the time; 50% DNA 50% Protein
57.
Euk Ribosomes: Large (80S)
58.
Eukaryotic cells have: PM; Cytosol; Dual membrane organelles; haploid or diploid; complex internal membranes; cytoskeleton
59.
Evidence for Endosymbiant Theory: Both have Prok. features; 70S ribosomes, bacterial gene structure, few proteins on DNA,
60.
Extracellular Matrix is in what organism: Animals only
61.
FA for Lipid Anchor: C14/C16
62.
FA-Phospholipids spontaneously form structures in order of complexity:: Micelles, film, bilayer
63.
Facilitated diffusion molecules go from: H-L
64.
Factors that affect enzyme activity: pH, Temp
65.
Farhesyl: C15
66.
Fatty Acids: Long chain HC w/ carboxyl group usually 12-20C
67.
Feedback inhibition: products inhibit enzyme
68.
Few proteins ___ spontaneously: renature
69.
First NA has: 5' Phosphate
70.
Formula for amount of DNA made from PCR: 2^n n=number of cycles
71.
Function of lipid raft:: Cell communication
enriched with receptor/GPI proteins
72.
Function perioxisome: breaks down peroxide
73.
Functions of Proteins: Enzyme, receptors, transport, cell recognition
74.
Gap Junction Function: Communication via electrical signals (membrane potential) or small chemical signals
75.
Gap Junctions (Connexons): Connects Adjacent animal cells
76.
Geranyl Geranyl: C20
77.
Gloxysome: breaks down fatty acids
78.
Glycogen Synthase is inhibited by ___: Protein Kinase A
79.
Glycogen Synthase is usually ___: active
80.
Glycoproteins: Sugars covalently attached to protein (on external side of PM)
81.
Glycoproteins: sugar covalently attached to phospholipids (Many in sphingolipid category)
82.
Glycosylation: Adding sugars to protein
83.
Golgi (Flow): protein from ER is modified then transferred to PM/Organelles.
84.
Golgi's 2 sides: Forming/Cis side, faces ER.
Maturing/Trans side faces PM
85.
GPI is made in ___ by ____: RER; attached ribosomes
86.
GPI is on the _____ side: enviro
87.
GPI protein: Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol
88.
Heat's effect on denaturation: Disrupts H and ionic bonds
89.
High levels of glucose, which pathway is turned on?: Glycogen Synthesis
90.
Homeotic Gene: Genes that determine which parts of body from what body parts
91.
Hydrocarbon chain length: Larger chain - higher transition temp (less fluid)
92.
Hydrogen in proteins: very common and important in proteins usually H + Amino or carboxyl
93.
If C2 sugar has H: Deoxyribose (DNA)
94.
If C2 sugar has OH: Ribose (RNA)
95.
if OH is above ring: Beta form sugar
96.
If OH is below ring: Alpha form sugar
97.
Indirect Transport: Ion Gradient
Usually 2 Part system
98.
Induced Fit Model: Enzyme confirms to substrate
99.
Intermediate filaments: Can join between cells, nuclear lamina, scaffold of the cell, many different kinds of proteins are IF
100.
Isoprenyl Carbons: C5 Building Blocks
101.
Kinase: adds P group to enzyme
102.
Kinds of phospholipids: Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, glycolipids
103.
Large pH effect on enzyme: disrupt tertiary structure of protein
if partially unfolded, enzyme less active
if completely unfolded enzyme totally inactive
104.
Last NA has: 3' Hydroxyl
105.
Lipid Anchor: Attached to lipids in Bilayer
FA or isoprenyl attached groups to protein
106.
Lipid anchor is made in ____ on ___: cytoplasm; free ribosomes
107.
Lipid anchor is on the ____: Cytoplasm
108.
Lipid Function: Structural, Store energy, signal molecules
109.
Lipid Rafts: Region in bilayer that is thicker/less fluid than rest of membrane
110.
List of microbodies: Perioxisome,gloxysome, lysosome, ribosome,
111.
Low levels of glucose which pathway is turned on?: Glycogen breakdown
112.
lysosome: breaks down proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
113.
Main components of organic life: CHOPNS
114.
Membrane Potential: Charge difference across membrane
115.
Metal Ions: Bind to enzyme or Pros. Group
Required for proper 3D structure
116.
Microfilaments: composed of Actin, Located below PM, gives shape involved with different kinds of movement
117.
Microtubules: Composed of tubulin (hollow) intracellular transport, spindle fibers
118.
Middle Lamella: Composed of Calcium pectate, sticks cells together
119.
Mito are distant relatives: of purple nonsulphur bacteria
120.
Mito Inner membrane acts as ___ has ___ to increase surface area also contains enzymes for ____: PM; cristae; ETC
121.
Mito Matrix is filled with __ home of ____, also has _____ (___ version): liquid; krebs cycle; DNA/Ribosomes, tRNA, rRNA; prokaryotic.
122.
Mito Outer Membrane is___, ___ allow anything up to a certain size: Permeable; porins
123.
Molecules that can pass the membrane with no proteins: Small uncharged molecules, Gases, Water, some steroids (non polar)
124.
Multicellular Euk: Complex organisms; reproduce sexually/asexually, sex: HIGH level of genetic modification
125.
NA enzymes: Ribozymes
126.
NA Functions: Informational, Structural, enzymes
127.
NA informational: DNA/RNA
128.
NA Structural: Part of Ribosomes, 7S RNA part of SRP, snRNPs
129.
NA structure: 5C sugar, Nitrogenous base, Phosphate
130.
Needed for PCR: Template DNA,
dnTPS (Deoxyribose Nucleotides, dA/G/C/TTPS)
2 Primers one for each strand
Buffer (needs Mg)
Enzyme - taq DNA poly
131.
Net ____ charge on cytoplasmic side: Negative
132.
Net ____ charge on enviro side: Positive
133.
Nuclear Lamina: Gives shape to nucleus
134.
Nuclear Pore Complex: Regulates entry/exit of nucleus
135.
Nucleoid: Region of the prokaryotic DNA
136.
Nucleolus: site of ribosome synthesis; rRNA made first, then assembled into ribosome
137.
Nucleotide Derivs.: NADH, FADH2, NADPH, cAMP; high energy compounds involved in e- transport, redox reactions
138.
Nucleus (Flow): mRNA exits through nuclear pore to RER
139.
OH from cholest can ____ to carbonyl of FA: H bond
140.
Organic Solvent; Denaturation: Destroys entire structure
141.
Outer layer of lipid raft: high layers of cholest/glycosphingolipids
Long sat. FA tails
142.
Parts of Indirect Transport: 1 Protein uses ATP to setup Ion gradient
2nd Protein uses ion gradient as energy
143.
PCR Purpose: Make millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence
144.
Peripheral vs Integral proteins: Peripheral can be washed off, attached to Phospho heads or other proteins. Integral can't be removed w/o destroying membrane embedded.
145.
pH's effect on denaturation: Disrupts charge of groups, ionic H bonds
146.
Phosphatase: removes P group from enzyme
147.
Phosphodiesterase breaks down ___: cAMP
148.
Phosphodiesterase is always ____: active
149.
Phosphoglycerides: Glycerol backbone+2FA+P group+Polar/Charged head group
150.
Phospholipid structure: Glycerol 2FA tails 1 P group - charged
151.
Phosphorylase: breaks off one glucose monomer from glycogen
152.
Phosphorylase Kinase: Adds P to phosphorylase
153.
Plasmodesmata: Entire outer pore complex of plant cell
154.
Plasmodesmata function: Cell communication via SMALL chemical signals or electrical signals
155.
Polar AA have: Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Amino, Sulfhydrul
Charged: Carboxyl=Acidic, Amino=Basic
156.
Primary Structure and Bonds involved: String of AA; peptide
157.
Prokaryotic Cells (DNA): dsDNA, long strand, circular, few proteins, "naked DNA"
158.
Prokaryotic Cells DON'T HAVE: Membrane bound organelles, Complex Internal membranes (ER, Golgi), true cytoskeletons
159.
Prokaryotic Ribosomes: 70S
160.
Prokaryotic Simple -: ONLY HAPLOID
161.
Prosthetic group: organic compound (heme)
Tightly bound to enzyme (covalent)
NEEDED FOR ENZYME TO FUNCTION
162.
Protein Functions: Enzymes, structures, receptors, transport proteins, hormones, electron transport
163.
Protein Kinase A: Regulates both pathways, Synthesis and breakdown. Target Enzymes: Glycogen Synthase, Phosphorylase Kinase
164.
Proteolytic Clevage: Removal of AA to make active form of enzyme
165.
Quaternary Structure and Bonds involved: 1+ subunit Disulfide, ionic, hydrophobic interactions, H bonds
166.
Reasons for Extra AA (Proteolytic): Needed to fold protein, needed to keep protein inactive to protect cell
167.
Reducing Agent; Denaturation: Sulfhydrul bonds
168.
Remaining phosphorylated enzymes are deactivated by (2 things): Spontaneous hydrolysis, or specific phosphatases
169.
RER (Flow): Protein synthesized on ribosomes on sufrace. Enters lumen of ER where its modified
170.
Ribosome: only organelle that DOESN'T have a membrane, composed of 2 subunits composed equally of rRNA and protein
171.
Ribosomes have __ nucleotides: modified
172.
Ribozymes: short RNAs that act as enzymes
173.
Secondary Structure and Bonds involved: Alpha helix beta pleated sheet; H bonds
174.
SER: Site of lipid synthesis, drug detox, Calcium storage, connected with RER
175.
Single Membrane Organelles: Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endosomes, vesicles
176.
small pH effect on enzyme: changes binding of protons on substrate, changes charge on sub/enzymes
may not be able to bind at all or as well
177.
snRNA: small nuclear RNA, snRNPs
178.
sphingolipids: Sphingosine + 2 FA + P group +Polar/Charged head group
179.
Sphingosine: Serine+2FA
180.
Steady State vs. Equilibrium: Steady state is in living cells, equilibrium in solutions
181.
Steroid function: Structural (cholest) Signal (estrogen)
182.
Steroids: Lipids, 4 ring structure
183.
Storage carbs: Plants: Starch Animals: Glycogen
184.
Storage Polysach.: Can be broken down (alpha bond)
185.
Structural Motifs: Found in many proteins, do the same function
186.
Structure Polysach: Can't be broken down (beta bond) Cellulose
187.
Substrates go through ________: activated transition states
188.
Symplast: Living part of cell
189.
Terpene subunit: isoprene, 5C
190.
Tertiary Structure and Bonds involved: 3D structure; Disulfide, ionic, hydrophobic interactions, H bonds
191.
Thymine vs. Uracil: Thymine has methyl while uracil has hydrogen
192.
Transition temp: temp where membrane can go from gel to fluid
193.
Two ways to do DNA fingerprinting: RFLP; PCR
194.
Type of regulation in glycogen synthesis: Allosteric
195.
Types of Active transport: Direct, Indirect
196.
Types of polysach.: Storage Structure
197.
Types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, Ribozymes, Nucleotides, Nucleotide Derivs.
198.
Types of structural motifs: Helix-Turn-Helix, Helix-Loop-Helix, Zinc Finger, Leucine Zipper All bind to DNA, transcription factors
199.
Unicellular Euk: Yeast paramecium, amoeba; reproduce by fission because of chromosomes and mitosis some genetic modification
200.
Usually low ___ and High ___ in cell: Sodium, Potassium
201.
Vacoule is bound by a: tonoplast
202.
Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR): How many times a DNA sequence appears
203.
Vesicle movement is: very specific, done via motor proteins and microtubule highway
204.
What is the outer membrane of the Nucleus continuos with?: The RER
205.
Which bond is NOT affected by denaturation?: Peptide
