| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
| Candide | Voltaire |
| The Social Contract | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| The Spirit of Laws | Montesquieu, about seperation of powers. |
| rococo | fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century |
| Essay Concerning Human Understanding | Locke, 1690, human mind has no innate ideas, what people know is not the world but the result of the interactions of the mind with the world |
| Second Treatise of Government | Written by Locke, Government created to protect life, liberty, and property. |
| humanitarianism | the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare |
| Enlightened despot | absolute ruler who uses his power to bring about change |
| deism | the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation |
| Voltaire | French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) |
| Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities | Rousseau, discuss the innocence of man and his corruption by society. |
| The Royal Society of London | Established y Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences. |
| Isaac_Newton | English mathematician and physicist |
| natural_law | a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society |
| Carl Linnaeus | System Nature - developed methods to calssify and name plants and animals. |
| William_Harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood |
| Gresham College | Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had a honored roll in society; center of scientific activity. |
| Galileo_Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars |
| Gabriel Fahrenheit | Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees. |
| empiricism | medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings |
| inductive_reasoning | reasoning from detailed facts to general principles |
| deductive_reasoning | reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) |
| Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician |
| geocentric theory | Every thing revolves around the earth studied by the church |
| heliocentric theory | Every thing revolves around the sun studied by Galelo and Copernicus |
| Nicaolaus Copernicus | (1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planents went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory. |
| Robert_Boyle | Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691) |
| Tycho Brahe | a Danish mathematician who worked as an astronomer for 20 years |
| Francis_Bacon | English statesman and philosopher |
| Aristotelian World View | Motionless earth was fixed at center of universe, God was beyond. |
| Andrew Celcius | Invetned measurement of temperature-Celsius. |
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