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Annexation the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation Antarctica an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle Apartheid a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites Balkanization Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Border landscape There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border Boundary disputes Conflicts over the location, size, and extent of borders between nations. There is conflict over where exactly the border is between the U.S. and Mexico, especially along the Rio Grande because the river has changed course and moved, and it is the traditional border. Boundary process The process of creating boundaries. Boundry Origin How the boundry cam about. Boundary type Many boundaries are natural boundaries, formed by rivers, mountains, etc. There are also political boundaries. These are often formed through war and compromise in treaties and agreements. In countries often form cultural boundaries that used to belong to a groups cultural homeland. However, countries in Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere aren't arranged by culture but politics, and Western countries turned their former colonies into nations without respect for culture. Buffer state a small neutral state between two rival powers Capital a seat of government Capitalism an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit Centrifugal tending to move away from a center Centripetal tending to move toward a center City-state a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside Colonialism Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Confederation a union of political organizations Conference of Berlin meeting of 14 mostly European countries on how to divided up Africa amongst themselves disregarding African input or ethnic groups Core/periphery Core countries have high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a convergence of trade flows. Periphery countries usually have less development and are poorer countries. Decolonization the action of changing from colonial to independent status Devolution the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government) Domino theory the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control EEZ sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. Electoral regions The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions. Enclave/exclave A country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country (Lesotho). OR a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (Azerbaijan). Ethnic conflict type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country European Union an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members Failed state a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services Federal characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities Forward capital Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory. Frontier an international boundary or the area (often fortified) immediately inside the boundary Geopolitics the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state Gerrymander an oddly shaped district designed to increase the voting strength of a particular group Global commons those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries Heartland/Rimland central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture. Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent Immigrant states a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA. International organization an international alliance involving many different countries Iron Curtain Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between Communist and non-Communist life Irredentism The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state. Israel/Palestine used to be a region with Jews, Romans, Christians, Muslims, and Ottomans. 1947-1948 Jew v. Palestine warfare. ww2 and holocaust made jews move to palestine. Israel gained control of Palestine. Palestine attacks back consistently with terrorism Landlocked surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land Law of the Sea Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. Lebanon an Asian republic at east end of Mediterranean Mackinder, Halford J. Geographer who created the heartland theory. Manifest destiny a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) Median-line principle according to the UNCLOS, the EEZ for maritime countries located closer to each other than 200 miles is located halfway in between. Microstate A state or territory that is small in both size and population. Ministate independent country that is very small in area and population NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada Nation a politically organized body of people under a single government National iconography symbols that help unite people Nation-state A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Nunavut an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit Raison d'être reason or justification for existing Reapportionment the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census Regionalism a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas Religious conflict intolerance against another's religious beliefs or practices, usually resulting in war, i.e. Israel-Palestine, Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades Reunification bring together to parts of a country under one government (ex: Germany) Satellite state A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country. Self-determination the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will Shatterbelt a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...). Sovereignty the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries State Country Stateless ethnic groups An ethnic group that doesn't claim sovereignty over any territory. Such as the Kurds Stateless nation a nation without a state (e.g., Kurds, Palestinians, ...). Suffrage the right to vote Supranationalism Term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives Terrorism the use of violence by non-governmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal by instilling fear and frightening governments into changing policies Territorial disputes Any dispute over land ownership Territorial morphology A state's geographical shape, which can affect its spatial cohension and political viability. Territoriality In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. Theocracy government run by religious leaders Treaty ports colonial port cities that form an extension of the ruling colonial power. UNCLOS A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones. Unitary characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority USSR collapse the collapse of the USSR because Socialism failed economically, outside opposition (Capitalist countries) and Nationalism within the republics, competition with the West (They wanted equality with USA, but had no money), and party officials were killed for personal gain, weakening the party Women's enfranchisement the right of voting when given to women World Systems Theory Wallersteins theory of the core, semi periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. Semi perihpery was the buffer between the core and periphery. Periphery are states that lack strong central gov'ts or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that mainteained their own economic system and for the mosr part, remianed outside of the capitalist world economy