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hope according to Erikson, an openness with new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance will according to Erikson, a young child's understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally, which occurs when autonomy, shame and doubt are in balance ethology branch of biology concerned with adaptive behaviors that are characteristic of different species attachment enduring social-emotional relationship between infants and their caregivers secure attachment relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers avoidant attachment relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation resistant attachment relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console disorganized (disoriented) attachment relationship in which infants on't seem to understand what's happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers internal working model infant's understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationships through out the child's life basic emotions emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior social smiles smile that infants produce when they see a human face stranger wariness first distinct signs of fear that emerge around 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults social referencing behavior in which infants in unfamilair or ambiguous environments often look at their mother or father, as if searching for cues to help them interpret the situation temperament consistent style or pattern of behavior activity dimension of temperament defined by the tempo and vigour of a child's activity emotionality aspect of temperament that refers to the strength of the infant's emotional response to a situation, the ease with which that response is triggered, and the ease with which the infant can be returned to a nonemotional state sociability dimension of temperament defined by preference for being with other people parallel play when children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing simple social play occurs when toddlers engage in similar activities and talk or smile at one another cooperative play play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age prosocial behavior any behavior that benefits another person altruism prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior