1.
"new immigrants": 13 million immigrants from east europe who came between 1886 and 1935 with most after 1900
2.
abolitionist: whites and blacks calling for the abolition of slaver. (William Lloyd Garrison, The liberator, first abolitionist newspaper)
3.
African slave trade: an economic system that relied on transporting kidnapped africans from their homeland to the americas
4.
age of discovery: expeditions set off to new corners of the globe to find new trade routes to feed the growing capitalist enterprise
5.
ahistorical fallacy: history is impotent and inconsequential today. history doesnt matter
6.
ancestry: family lineage, which often includes tribal, regional, or national affiliations
7.
assimilation: dashing out of indigenous ways of life and adopting white culture and ways of life ie individualism, capitalism,
8.
Bill Moore: white postman from baltimore who did a one-man march to mississippi but was killed on his third day. was a white antiracist
9.
Biological Determinism: Arguments that suppose that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions
10.
Brown v Board of Education: landmark 1954 case that abolished lawful segregation in schools making it illegal to enforce racially segregated classrooms.
11.
Charles Sumner: member of the US Senate in the mid-ninteenth century who was a prominent white antiracist who advocated a civil rights bill
12.
Chattel slavery: africans were treated as any other piece of property, bought and sold at the owners' discretion. Indentured servitude in America steadily evolved into slavery
13.
colonialism: occurs when a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitations and domination over that territorys indigenous populations
14.
color-blindness: claiming to ignore all racial markers, white Anti-racists. You must see color and racism before you can ignore it so it is just an illogical concept
15.
conquistadores: mercenary solders licensed by the spanish corwn to capture the lands and riches of the new world as well as the souls of the inhabitants
16.
disenchantment/ scientific advancement: the advancement in science and all its discoveries at the time that answered questions about the world and how it worked
17.
Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin in 1793 which lead to increases in capitalism and slavery
18.
ethnicity: shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations
19.
eugenics: a program to ensure genetic purity
20.
fillibusters: claiming of Mexican land and towns and making it independent
21.
fixed fallacy: racism is fixed, immutable, and constant across space and time
22.
Forty acres and a mule: nations first and only attempt at offering reparations for slavery. short lived and ineffective
23.
Francis Galton: Cousin of Darwin, suggested that all human behavior was hereditary and he coined eugenics
24.
Ghost dance: Wovoka urged people to live in peace with whites and created the dacne to uplift the Paiute. Other tribes interpreted his prophesies as fortelling the destruction of the whites. Usher in new era marked by the return of the buffalo. lead to the massacre at wounded knee
25.
Homestead Act of 1862: Mexicans were dispossessed of thier land which congress promised to citizens of the US or immigrants eligable for naturalization. became foreigners in what used to be their own land
26.
homogenizing: to make the same throughout
27.
Immigration and Nationality Act: 1952: reorganized US naturalization law and forbade denying citizenship on the basis of race. Still retained a quota system which limited immagrants by country.
28.
indentured servants: laboreres who were bound to an employer for a fixed amount of time, after which tye were freed
29.
Indian Allotment Act: dissolved tribal landholding by allotting certain pieces of land to individual indians residing on reservations
30.
Indian Removal Act 1830: permitted the forcible removal of Native Americans occupying fertile lands east of hte mississippi river
31.
Indian Territory: land allotted by the US government for tribal use
32.
Indian wars: 350 years of violence between Europeans and Americas indigenous population starting in 1540 and ending in 1890 at the massacre at wounded knee. 90-99% of population perished
33.
Individualistic fallacy: racism is only the collection of nasty thoughts a "racist individual" has about another group
34.
institutional racism: systemic white domination of poeple of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives
35.
institutionalized: incorporated into american society as a formalized and normalized establishment (talking about black slavery)
36.
interpersonal racism: racial domination manifest in every day interactions and practices. can be overt but is mainly covert and found in ordinary practices of our lives
37.
intersectionality: the overlapping systems of advantages and disadvantages that affect people differently positioned in society. (race, gender, economic status, etc)
38.
Jim Crow: strict racial segregation reinforced under the terms of law. Seperate but equal
39.
johann Blumenback: divided himans into five groups that correspond to different geographic areas
40.
Johnson-Reed Act of 1924: strict immigration policy as the result of white americans who blamed immigrants for the rise of urban slums, crime, and class conflict. had national quotas and racial restrictions
41.
legalistic fallacy: abolishing racist laws automatically leads to the abolition of racism in large
42.
leyes Nuevas: "New Laws" handed down by spain to curb the exploitation of indigenous peoples and outlaw their enslavement. they never took hold
43.
Manifest Destiny: Gods will
44.
miscegenation: intermarriage and intercourse between people with different skin tones, was prevalent in the spanish colonies
45.
Modernity: refers to the historical era marked by the rise of nations and nationalism, the development of capitalism, global expansion and the european discovery of the "new world", and the disenchantment of the world
46.
multiracial heritage: that is, to belong to two or more racial groups
47.
nationality: equated with citizenship--membership in a specific politically delineated territory controlled by a government
48.
naturalization: something created by humans is taken and is believed to e something dictated by nature (ie race)
49.
one-drop rule: renders "black" anyone with any amount, no matter how miniscule, or african blood
50.
phenotype: physical appearance and constitution, including skeletal structure, height, hair texture, eye color, and skin tone
51.
plantation system: compromised of dozens of large settlements organized around agricultural production for profit and reliant on coerced labor
52.
Plessy v Ferguson: Homer Plessy was light-skinned but was one-eighth black and was ruled black and therefore not entitled to rights reserved for whites
53.
polarizationq: recategorizing the homogenized
54.
psychological wage: compensation to poor whites in addition to their low wages, they were accepted as whites and therefore recieved many of the privelages of being white
55.
Race: Is a symbolic category, based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category
56.
racial discourses: collections of ideas about race that were developed by secular authorities such as philosophers, writers, and scientists
57.
racial essentialism: notion that there is a monolithic "asian experience," "african-american experience," or "white experience,"---experiences somehow detached from other pieces of one's identity--is an illusion
58.
racial taxonomy: race-based classification system
59.
reconstruction: period between 1863-1877 when the nation put itself back together, reincorporating the south states and reinventing american citizenry, white and black alike
60.
removal: kicking tribes off of thier land at gunpoint
61.
rise of capitalism: products began to be developed not to meet needs but to make profits
62.
Rise of nationalism: a new identity being fashioned based on national affiliation
63.
slave codes: denied blacks citizenship and governed even the most intimate spheres of their lives. Not allowed to carry arms, trade goods, possess land, leave masters property without permission, ventur out at night. No socializing with free blacks, or marriage. Families were not allowed and would be seperated. NO slave could testify in court against a white nor hit a white even in self defense. Children born of the master to a slave woman was included as a slave as well
64.
slave rebellions: slaves took up arms against their masters, burning buildings and corp fields and engaging whites in bloody warfare. (Nat Turner and his 60 slave revolt)
65.
sociological imagination: approaching the world skeptically and criticallyl, rejecting overly simplified explanations, and evaluating and reevaluating the nature of things with a new outlook
66.
Sojourner Truth: woman who talked about being a black woman while being defeminized
67.
Susie Guillory Phipps: fair-skinned woman who was classified as black by the state of Louisiana in the 20th century. Ancestry vs phenotype & one drop rule
68.
symbolic violence: process of people of color unknowingly accepting and supporting the terms of their own domination
69.
The Bell Curve: a 845 page book claiming that whites had higher IQ levels than blacks and that these were genetic differences
70.
The Indian Intercourse Act of 1834: further delineated the boundaries of Indian Territory and ordered several tribes to relocate themselves within these boundaries
71.
The sambo character: stereotypical slave, ignorant, silly, dishonest, and childlike, completely dependent on master
72.
The term "asian": is a european invention, a kind of racial shorthand that subsumes under a single homogenizing category the peoples of west asia and the pacific islanders
73.
Theory of social position: hypothesizes that interpersonal racism will increase in one group the more it feels threatened by another
74.
tokenistic fallacy: the presense of people of color in influential positions is evidence of the complete eradication of racial obstacles
75.
Trail of Tears: 1200 mile journey on foot, 4000-8000 died
76.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Ended the Mexican-American War and gave the US the land that today is NW, CA, UT, NV, and parts of AZ and TX
77.
U.S. v Bhagat Singh Thind: Another immigrant from Inida who went to UC-Berkely and faught in WWI was denied citizenship because the court found him "not-white". this reversed USvDolla
78.
U.S. v Dolla: Indian Americans were deemed white by law due to Abdullah Dolla who worked in Georgia and when applying cor citizenship claimed he was deemed white by fellow georgia citizens
79.
underground railroad: network of secret routes on land and water, safe-holds, and allies to fugitive slaves that helped slaves run north to freedom. (William still, black pastor; Harriet Tubman, ex-slave; William Garrett, white quaker)
80.
white antiracists: whites who recognize their own white privilege and disavow the racial structures from which they draw their privilege
81.
white privilege: the collection of unearned cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges possessed by people of anglo-european descent or by those who pass as such
82.
whiteness: is the dominant racial category and is racial domination normalized. the normalization produces many cultural, political, economic, and social advantages/privileges for whites
