Bio chapter 8 (DNA/RNA)
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loveakfxoxo on February 8, 2011
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Griffith | Experiment: S-form/R-form Discovery: Finds the transforming principle |
| Avery | Experiment: Isolated and purified Griffith's transforming principle Discovery: DNA is the transforming principle |
| Chargoff | Experiment: Adenine=Thymine;Cytosine=Guanine Discovery:Determined the base pairing rule |
| Franklin | Experiment: X-ray diffraction Discovery: Discovered DNA is a double-helix |
| Watson/Crick | Experiment: Used model building behind the picture from Franklin's lab Discovery: 3-dimensional structure of DNA |
| What is Chargaff's rule? | Base pairing rules that show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA. |
| What is the base pairing rule? | A-->T ; C-->G (A/G-purines) (T/C-pyrimidines) |
| What holds the nitrogenous bases in DNA together? | Hydrogen Bonds |
| What holds the backbone of DNA together? | Covalent Bonds |
| List all the ways DNA differs from RNA | 1. DNA is single stranded 2. Uses uracil instead of thymine 3. Has a ribose sugar |
| What are the different types of RNA? | tRNA, mRNA, rRNA |
| tRNA | Transfer RNA; brings amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA; carries message to be translated to a protein |
| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA; forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made |
| What is a codon? | A three sequence nucleotide that codes for amino acids |
| What is the central dogma? | Flowing in one direction from DNA --> RNA --> Proteins (aka replication->transcription->translation) |
| What happens in protein synthesis? | Protein synthesis is two parts-translation in the cytoplasm, transcription in the nucleus |
| What are purines? | Double ringed; A/G |
| What are pyrimidines? | Single ringed; T/C |
| What enzymes are involved in replication? What do they do? | The enzyme helicase unzips the hydrogen bond and polymerase attaches nitrogen bases |
| What enzymes are involved in protein synthesis? What do they do? | RNA, protein synthesis only has polymerase |
| Point mutation | Single base, addition/deletion/subtraction |
| Frameshift mutation | Shift in the reading |
| Silent mutation | Nothing happens |
| Nonsense mutation | Stop codon where it does not belong |
| What do the letters in DNA stand for? | Deoxiribose nuceic acid |
| Two scientists given credit for discovering the structure of DNA are: | Watson and Crick |
| What are the monomers of DNA? | Nucleotides |
| What two components is the backbone of DNA made up of? | Sugar, Phosphate |
| What are the names of the four variations of monomers? | Thymine, Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine |
| What are the three processes of the central dogma? | Transcription, Translation, Replication |
| What organelle reads the mRNA strand? | Ribosome |
| Any change in DNA is a: | Mutation |
| What is transcription catalyzed by? | Enzymes |
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