Practical 1
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141 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What must a hypothesis be? | Falsifiable/testable |
| Chromatin is found in what stage? | Interphase |
| Centrioles | Cylindrical MT structures that become associated with the poles of the mitotic apparatus during cell division |
| Synapse occurs when? | Prophase 1 (meiotic) |
| Exchange of genetic material occurs at | Chiasmata |
| Position on a chromosome where a gene is a located | Locus |
| Placoid Scales | Resemble simple teeth, remnants of ancestral armor (exterior teeth) |
| Ampullae of Lorenzini | Detects electrical impulses, direction |
| Spiracle | Non-respiratory gill slit, lets water enter gills while mouth is closed (When a shark has a hold of its prey) |
| Gill slits | exit point of water after passing over gills |
| Claspers | Males only, transfer sperm to female during teh sexes |
| Lateral Line | sensory organ, detects water movement |
| Pancreas | secretion of digestive enzymes, insulin |
| Gall Bladder | Holds bile for enzymatic digestion |
| Intestine | Contains shark's spiral valve, modification of ileum |
| Purposes of Spiral valve | slows passage of food, increases surface area. |
| Liver (S) | Largest organ, makes bile, metabolizes fat and other compounds, produces/holds large amounts of oil to aid in buoyancy |
| Spleen | maintenance of blood |
| Heart (S) | TWO chambers |
| Gill pouches | Chambers between internal and external fill slits lined with gill filaments |
| Gill Lamellae | Gas exchange |
| Kidneys (S) | Elimination of waste, regulation of internal environment |
| Rectal Gland (S) | Osmoregulation |
| Ovaries | Egg/Hormone production |
| Testes | Male gonads, sperm production |
| Vas Deferens | Transfers sperm from testes |
| Cloacae | Common chamber receiving the openings of the urinary papilla, uteri, and intestine |
| Phylum of Shark | Chordata |
| Subphylum of Shark | Vertebrata |
| Class of Shark | Chondricthyes |
| Distinguishing taxonomic characteristic (S) | Cartilaginous skeletons (Ancesters had bony skeletons) |
| Tympanic Membrane | Senses vibrations, hearing |
| Nictitating membrane | Covers and protects eye |
| Vomerine teeth | grasping |
| Maxillary Teeth | chewing |
| Tongue (F) | Attached to anterior of the floor of the mouth |
| Stomach (F) | Mech and chem digestion of food, contains rugae |
| Rugae | folds that increase surface area of stomach for increased absorption |
| Small Intestine | chem digestion and nutrient absorption |
| Large intestine | water absorption and fecal packing |
| How many lobes of liver are in a frog? | 3 |
| What are the 3 parts of the stomach in a shark? | Cranial, Funnic, |
| Fat bodies | energy storage |
| Heart (F) | 3 chambers |
| Truncus arteious | recieves blood from ventricle |
| Epitrichium | Thin layer covering fetus, embryonic skin that peels off as hairs develop |
| Teats | mammary papillae |
| Umbillical cord | connects placenta with fetus |
| Urogenital orifice (P) | Common opening for urinary and reproductive systems |
| Urogenital orifice (p) (Male) | Located posterior to umblical cord |
| Urogenital orifice (P) (Female) | Located ventral/anterior to anus |
| Scrotum | Holds testes |
| Palate | Roof of mouth, hard palate is anterior, soft palate posterior |
| Glottis | Opening to trachea |
| Epiglottis | cartilage tab that blocks trachea during swallowing |
| Trachea | air passage to lungs, cartilage rings |
| Esophagus | food passage to stomach, muscular wall |
| Small intestine (P) | contains villi that increase surface area |
| Number of lobes in Pig pancreas | Bi-lobed |
| Caecum | Houses bacterial symbionts that break down cellulose, homologous to human appendix |
| Heart (p) | 4 chambers |
| Atria | collecting points for blood |
| Muscular diaphragm | separates thoracic from abdominal cavities |
| Urinary Bladder | Urine storage |
| Ureter | carries urine from kidney to bladder |
| XXY | Klinefelter Syndrome |
| X | Turner Syndrome |
| Trisomy 21 | Down Syndrome |
| Deletion of arm of Chromo 5 | Cri du Chat |
| Klinefelter symptoms | Males only, do not develop facial, underarm or pubic hair |
| Down Syndrome symptoms | Mental retardation, eyes slant upward, heart defects |
| Cri Du Chat symptoms | abnormal larynx development, low birth weight, resp. problems |
| Turner Syndrome symptoms | Female, short stature, lack of ovarian development, webbed neck, low hairline, arms turn out slightly at elbow |
| Where does the extra X come from in Klinefelters? | Either mother's egg or fathers sperm (Nondisjunction) |
| Where does the single X come from in Turner? | Mother's egg, father sperm is missing sex chromosomes |
| Where does the extra chromosome 21 come from in Down syndrome? | Mother's egg |
| Where does the abnormality in chromosome 5 come from in Cri du chat? | Father's sperm |
| Crossing Over | physical exchange between homologous chromosomes, Meiosis 1 |
| Ind. Assortment | Mendel, genes on different chromosomes behave independently |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that are identical in size, shape, and (except for allelic differences) genetic composition |
| Allele | particular form of a gene |
| Chromatid | copies of chromosome produced in cell division |
| Linkage | physical association of genes on the same chromosome |
| Autosomes | any chromosome except the sex chromosomes |
| 3 parts of Shark stomach | cranial, fundic, pyloric |
| Scientific method is composed of how many steps? | 8 |
| Cause/effect | significant difference between control/variable then difference must be due to single variable |
| Causation (A/B) | A causes B Change ind. variable |
| Correlation | two factors may vary together but one may not cause the other; change in dep. variable |
| Null hypo (Ho) | something stating that no change will occur, designed to asses the strength of expected value |
| Alt. Hypo (Ha) | claim to find evidence for |
| One sided Alt Hypo | parameter is greater or less than Ho |
| Two sided Alt. Hypo | parameter is different than Ho |
| If the evidence is far from expected value | evidence is against Ho (Can not accept) |
| Chi Squared equation | X2=Sum(Oi-ei)^2/ei |
| Abstract | Basic exp. procedure, brief summary of what was found, and concluded (Hypo w/result) |
| Introduction | Background resarch, null hypo, |
| Method | All that is required to explain exp. should be enough to repeated, Devices/Ingredients (Stat method here as well) |
| Is a beaker or test tube a device? | No |
| Statistical Analysis | Explain the statistical test used, show equation, DON'T SHOW WORK |
| Results | Tables/Graphs, NO CONCLUSIONS DRAWN |
| Discussion | Draw conclusion based on results, accept/reject null hypo, further questions and possible problems, ideas for new experiements |
| Locus can have multiple ____ | alleles |
| Sex linking | phenotype expressed related to chromosome |
| X inked traits are from | Mom |
| Y linked are from | Dad |
| Steps of cell cycle | G0,G1,S,G2,M |
| G0 | Rest (No growth) ex: neuron |
| G1 | First growth period |
| S | Synthesis, DNA duplicated |
| G2 | Second growth phase |
| M | Mitosis |
| Parts of mitosis | PMAT |
| Germ Cell | Gamete |
| Gametogonium | Pre-gamete |
| Interkinesis | Interphase 2, rest point between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 |
| How far can a shark hear something from, at what frequency is best? | 1700yds; at or below 40Hz |
| Sound travels better in | Water |
| What is the ratio of blood to water that a shark can detect? | 1 molecule of blood/1,000,000 molecules of H20 |
| How far can a shark smell from? Which structure? | 500yd, naris |
| How far can a shark detect vibrations? Which structure? | 100yd, lateral lines |
| How far can a shark see something? | 30yd |
| Shallow water sharks have ___ eyes while deep water sharks have ____ eyes | small, large |
| At what distance can a shark detect electrical impulses? Which structure? | 6ft, ampullae of lorenzini |
| How much of a volt can the ampullae detect? | 100,000,000 of a volt |
| Sharks teeth are ___ continuously | lost/replaced |
| How many rows of teeth can a shark have? | 5 |
| Bite force of a shark? Closest to | 42,000lb/in^2, human |
| How large and heavy is a whale shark? | 50ft, 20 tons |
| How much water does a whale shark filter in an hour? | .25 million gallons/hour |
| What is the main diet of the whale shark? | Plankton |
| Tonic immobility | sensory overload, shark goes into a sleep state |
| Time of the first sharks? | 400 mya |
| Modern sharks arrived | 140mya |
| If a shark has more than 5 pairs of gills it is considered what species? | Ancient |
| How many years for a shark to reach sexual maturity? | 15-20 |
| Gestation of a shark | 1 year |
| Eggs of shark? | Few but large |
| Do sharks have parental care? | No |
| Liver of a shark has how many gallons of ___ which is lighter than __ | 18, oil, water |
| Dermal Denticles | placoid scales, reduce drag |
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