Midterm Review (TERMS/DEFINITIONS)
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237 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell | basic unit of functional structure in all organisms |
| cell membrane | surrounds the cell; controls what enters and exits the cell through semi-permeability |
| nucleus | contains genetic information of the cell |
| golgi bodies | organelles that package materials to be transported in and out of the cell |
| centriole | involved in cell reproduction; not found in plant cells |
| lysosome | contains enymes that break down materials in the cell |
| ribosome | organelle which is the site of protein synthesis |
| vacuole | stores wastes, as well as carbohydrates, water, salt, etc. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | functions in transport; called "rough" due to the presence of ribosomes on its surface |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | involved in synthesis of lipids |
| cytoplasm | liquid within cell that contains all of the cell's organelles and serves as the cell's circulatory system |
| mitochondria | site of cellular respiration |
| cell wall | stiff protective surrounding to the cell made of cellulose; only found in plant cells |
| homeostasis | the maintainance of internal stability |
| perspiration | excretion of waste products from sweat glands |
| nervous system | the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells |
| impulse | the electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fiber |
| receptor | an organ having nerve endings that respond to stimulation |
| effector | an organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses |
| stimulus | a change in an organism's surroundings that causes a receptor to start impulses in a nerve pathway |
| response | a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some foregoing stimulus or agent |
| neuron | a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses |
| cyton | the cell body of a neuron; contains nucleus |
| dendrite | short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron |
| axon | long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron |
| myelin sheath | a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers |
| terminal branches | branched end of axon that contains neurotransmitters |
| synapse | the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle |
| neurotransmitter | chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell |
| cerebrum | anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres, involved in senses and the thought process |
| cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance |
| medulla | lower or hindmost part of the brain which is in control of most involuntary behaviors, including breathing rate and heart rate |
| spinal cord | a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain |
| reflex | an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus |
| hormone | the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect |
| endocrine system | the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity |
| endocrine glands | glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream |
| pineal gland | gland in the brain which secretes the hormone melatonin, which is involved in sleep-wake cycles |
| hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion |
| pituitary gland | the master gland of the endocrine system, secretes nine hormones which control other glands of the endocrine system |
| thyroid gland | secretes thyroxin, controls metabolic rate |
| parathyroid | for glands embedded in the thyroid; secretes hormone which controls level of calcium and phosphate (which influence levels of excitability) |
| thymus | a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity |
| adrenal gland | either of a pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney which secrete adrenaline |
| pancreas | a large elongated exocrine/endocrine gland located behind the stomach; secretes insulin and glucagon, which are involved in maintaining blood glucose levels |
| musculoskeletal system | the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form |
| bone | rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates |
| muscle | one of the contractile organs of the body |
| cartilage | strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone |
| ligament | a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs |
| tendon | a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment |
| connective tissue | tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together |
| locomotion | self-propelled movement |
| endoskeleton | the internal skeleton |
| exoskeleton | the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) |
| skeletal muscle | a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton |
| smooth muscle | a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart) |
| cardiac muscle | the muscle tissue of the heart |
| tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| flexor | a skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint |
| ossification | the developmental process of bone formation |
| flagella | whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement |
| arthritis | joint inflammation |
| muscle fatigue | results from oxygen debt -- lactic acid accumulates in skeletal muscles |
| sensory neurons | carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain |
| motor neurons | carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands; send impulses to the effector in a reflex arc |
| interneurons | connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them |
| Schwann cells | produce fatty layers of myelin in some neurons |
| somatic nervous system | division of nervous system responsible for body movements over which an individual has some conscious awareness or voluntary control |
| autonomic nervous system | division of nervous system which regulates heart rate and controls the contraction of smooth muscles in the digestive system and in blood vessels |
| reflex arc | the pathway over which nerve impulses travel in a reflex |
| cerebral palsy | inborn disorder which affects voluntary muscles and speech centers of the brain |
| meningitis | inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (virus or bacterial infection) |
| stroke | a sudden attack of weakness or paralysis that occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted |
| polio (virus) | an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord |
| exocrine glands | secrete hormones into ducts which carry hormones to where they are needed |
| feedback mechanism | a mechanism that controls how the endocrine system is activated and deactivated |
| goiter | an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is caused when the thyroid is unable to produce thyroxin due to lack of iodine |
| diabetes (mellitus) | the inability of the body to remove excess sugar from the blood and store as glycogen in the liver |
| target cells | the cells that have the receptor for a hormone |
| steroid hormones | can cross cell membranes easily into the cytoplasm and/or nuclei of target cells; produced from cholesterol |
| non-steroid hormones | proteins, small peptides, and amino acids that cannot pass through membranes of target cells |
| protagladin | hormone-like modified fatty acid produced by a wide range of cells; affects only nearby cells and tissue |
| gonads | male and female reproductive glands |
| nodes (of Ranvier) | small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons |
| gametes | reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) |
| melatonin | involved in sleep-wake cycles and rythmic activities; secreted by pineal gland |
| PTH | secreted by parathyroid; in charge of raising blood calcium levels |
| epinephrine | hormone released by adrenal glands; takes up 80% of the adrenal medulla |
| norepinephrine | hormone releases by adrenal glands; takes up 20% of adrenal medulla |
| thyroxin | secreted by thyroid; increases the rate of protein, carbs, and fat metabolism and the rate of cellular respiration; made up of thyrosine and iodine |
| glucagon | hormone secreted by the pancreas; increases levels of glucose in the blood |
| negative feedback | signals gland secreting hormone to stop production of hormone (ex. hormone that controls glucose levels is released. when glucose levels stabilize, gland producing hormone is signalled to stop) |
| positive feedback | signals gland secreting hormone to increase hormone production |
| myosin | a protein found in muscle fibers which is involved in contraction and relaxing of muscles; binds to actin |
| actin | protein found in muscle fibers which is involved in contracton and relaxation of muscles; myosin attaches to it when acetylcholine is present |
| insulin | hormone secreted by the pancreas; decreases levels of glucose in the blood |
| plasma | liquid portion of the blood |
| arteriole | a vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed |
| iron | metal that makes blood red in color |
| nucleus | found in WBC's but not RBC's |
| white blood cells | protect the body against invading pathogens |
| platelets | involved in blood clotting |
| active immunity | the body produces its own antibodies to attack an antigen |
| passive immunity | only temporary, does not last more than 1 month; the body destroys the borrowed immunity |
| maternal immunity | mother passes antibodies to her newborn through her breast milk |
| RhoGAM | destroys antibodies made by mother during pregnancy |
| AIDS | collapses immune system and kills patient from an opportunistic infection such as pneumonia |
| autoimmune disorder | when the body fails to recognize some of the body cells as belonging to "self" |
| allergies | an overreaction to an antigen that is normally harmless; histomines are released |
| anemia | disorder of the RBC's; "iron poor" |
| sickle-cell anemia | a genetic condition in which the RBC's are abnormally shaped |
| leukemia | a form of cancer in which a person does not have proper clotting factors |
| hormones | transported within the body from one organ to another |
| lungs | transports blood to the left atrium |
| valves | flaps of tissue that open and close to prevent backflow of the blood |
| arteries | thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body |
| veins | thin-walled blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart |
| capillaries | tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body |
| aorta | branches off of the right ventricle and sends oxygenated blood to all parts of the body |
| pulmonary arteries | send blood to the lungs to get oxygen |
| vena cavas | returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium |
| red blood cells | contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen through the bloodstream |
| atherosclerosis | when arteries are clogged with "plaque" |
| angina pectoris | pains in the chest due to reduced blood flow in the heart |
| anginoplasty | a common treatment for angina pectoris |
| myocardinal infarction | major blockage in a coronary artery |
| pathogen | a virus or organism that can cause disease |
| cancer | abnormal cells multiply uncontrollably, and disrupt normal functioning of one or more organs |
| antigen | any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies |
| antibody | a specialized protein made by the body to fight off future infections from a disease-causing organism |
| vaccine | substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens introduced into a body to produce immunity |
| coronary artery | branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart |
| bicuspid valve | guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle and prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium |
| tricuspid valve | closes when the right ventricle contracts, allowing blood flow into the lungs and prevent backflow into the right atrium |
| oxygenated blood | enters the left side of the heart and exits through the aorta to the body |
| deoxygenated blood | carried by pulmonary circulation and enters through the right atrium of the heart from the lungs |
| nasal cavity | secretes mucus, where incoming air is filtered, warmed, and moistened |
| alveoli | thin-walled microscopic air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs |
| diaphragm | attached to the lower ribs that functions as the main muscle in respiration |
| breathing | the process of drawing air into the lungs |
| medulla | part of the brain that controls breathing rate |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the linings of the bronchial tubes |
| asthma | contraction of the bronchi due to an allergic response |
| emphysema | alveoli enlarge and degenerate and lung capacity increases due to cigarette smoking |
| pneumonia | a bacterial or viral infection of the lungs where the alveoli fill with fluid |
| lung cancer | uncontrollable growth of tumors in the lungs |
| systemic circulation | Circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues |
| pulmonary circulation | Circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases |
| coronary circulation | Circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue |
| random flashcard | This flashcard is used to tick people off. :) |
| semilunar valve | A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle. |
| interferon | A family of proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication |
| histamines | Chemicals that increase blood flow and fluids to surrounding area |
| macrophage | Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells |
| inflammatory response | A protective response of tissues affected by disease or injury, characterized by redness, swelling, and pain |
| HIV | -The virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) -Human Immunodeficiency Virus -Replicates and kills T-Cells |
| T-Cell | Identifies pathogens and distinguish one kind of pathogen from another |
| B-Cell | A type of lymphocyte that can recognize (bind to) an antigen and secrete an antibody specific for that antigen. When activated by binding to an antigen, B cells mature into plasma cells (that secreted antibody) and memory cells (that patrol the body for future encounters with that antigen). - must be activated by Helper T cell also, though. |
| pericardum | a double-walled membrane that encloses the heart |
| systole | contraction phase of the heartbeat |
| diastole | relaxation phase of the heartbeat |
| pacemaker | a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat |
| cardiac | of or relating to the heart |
| hemophilia | a hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding |
| pulse | the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart |
| lymph | the clear fluid that bathes each cell and transfers needed substances and wastes back and forth between the blood and the cells. Lymph also plays a role in immunity. |
| Kidneys | Two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine. |
| Nephron | blood-filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney |
| Excretion | removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions |
| Lungs | two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration |
| Skin | integumentary system protective covering for body, prevents bacteria etc entering, prevents excess water leaving, protects organs from injury, sensory system thru nerves, regulates body temp when blood vessels dialate or contrict moving bood & heat to or from surface |
| Loop of Henle | The long hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, of the renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption. |
| Bowman's Capsule | cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place. |
| Glomerus | A cluster of capillaries that filter the blood; located within the BOWMAN'S CAPSULE. |
| Renal Tubule | system of tubes in the nephron where reabsorption of some substances takes place |
| Collecting Duct | The location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules. |
| Ureter | tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| Urinary Bladder | The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination. |
| Urethra | tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| Mechanical Digestion | The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. |
| Chemical Digestion | The breakdown of food into smaller chemical compounds with the use of enzymes and other substances. |
| Peristalsis | Muscular contractions in the body that guide food/bolus through the digestive system. |
| Emulsification | The breakdown of fats/lipids with bile. |
| Mouth | -Where food enters the Dig. Sys. -Carbs are broken down with salivary amylase. -Food is separated into smaller pieces by teeth. |
| Esophagus | A food tube connecting the MOUTH to the STOMACH. |
| Stomach | A muscular organ with folds (rugae) that digests chemically with the enzymes: pepsin, renin, and lipase, and the acid HCl. It also "pummels" the food with its muscular walls in MECHANICAL DIGESTION. |
| Small Intestine | -A long tube where carbs, proteins, and lipids are digested with amylase, protease, lipase and bile. -Where the most DIGESTION takes place. -Where nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream. -Contains VILLI and folds that increase the surface area for more nutrient DIGESTION. -Separated into 3 sections: the duodenum, jejunim, and ileum. |
| Liver | -Produces bile and sends it to the GALL BLADDER. -Contains glycogen. -Produces uric acid/urea and sends it to the KIDNEYS. -Recycles worn out red blood cells. -Carries out DEAMINATION. |
| Gall Bladder | An organ that stores bile and sends it to the upper part of the SMALL INTESTINE (duodenum) for the process of EMULSIFICATION. |
| Pancreas | Secretes pancreatic juice, which contains: amylase, protease, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate,into the upper part of the SMALL INTESTINE. |
| Large Intestine | The reabsorption of water in the food mass occurs here. Wastes, or undigestible and insoluble materials are produced for removal. |
| Absorption | The absorbing of nutrients for use in an organism. |
| Rectum | A 5 foot long storage area for feces. |
| Anus | Where feces is eliminated from the body. |
| Epiglottis | A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe (trachea) and prevents food from entering. |
| Tongue | A muscle that pushes the bolus into the ESOPHAGUS. Has 4 different types of taste buds: salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. |
| Saliva | Contains water and salivary amylase, which breaks down carbs. |
| Villi | Finger-like projections in the SMALL INTESTINE that: have a single layer of cells, increase the surface area and increase ABSORPTION. |
| Ingestion | The process of taking in food. |
| Digestion | The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules. |
| Intracellular Digestion | When the DIGESTION of food happens in the cell. |
| Extracellular Digestion | The process in which food is broken down outside the cells in a digestive tract. |
| Egestion | The removal of indigestible and unsoluble waste materials. |
| Roughage | The enzyme that breaks down cell walls. |
| Heterotrophic Nutrition | When organisms get nutrition by eating organic material (food). |
| Deamination | The removal of the amine group from an amino acid. Takes place in the liver. |
| Simple leaf | a leaf that is made up of one entire blade |
| Compound leaf | a leaf with many leaflets as its blade |
| Cuticle | the part of the leaf that protects the epidermis and creates a waterproof barrier |
| Upper epidermis | the part of the leaf above the palisades layer that prevents the loss of water |
| Palisades layer (mesophyll) | the part of the leaf that absorbs light with chloroplasts for photosynthesis; it is tighter and more dense than the spongy layer |
| Spongy layer (mesophyll) | the part of the leaf where most photosynthesis occurs; it is "spongy" and less dense due to the gasses that pass in and out of the leaf as a result of photosynthesis and respiration |
| Xylem | the vascular tissue in the spongy layer that transports water throughout the plant |
| Phloem | the vascular tissue in the spongy layer that transports food throughout the plant |
| Lower epidermis | the part of the leaf below the spongy layer that has the stomata and guard cells |
| Stoma | the opening in the lower epidermis through which gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor) pass through; controled by the two guard cells surrounding it |
| Guard cells | the cells surrounding each stoma that open and close the stomata |
| Root | the part of the plant below ground that takes in water and nutrients and pass them along to the stem; also anchors plant in the ground; food is often stored in them as well |
| Epidermis (root) | the outermost part of the root that protects the root |
| Cortex | the part of the root for storing food; they are irregularly shaped cells in between the epidermis and the endodermis |
| Endodermis | the part of the root that protects the xylem and phloem |
| Primary root | the root that is the first to develop from a germinating seed |
| Secondary root | the roots that branch off of the primary root |
| Root hairs | the "very fine hair-like structures" jutting out from the epidermis (root); each is one cell with a cell wall made of cellulose |
| Fibrous root system | a root system consisting of many small roots; secondary roots can be as big as the primary root Ex. Grass |
| Taproot system | a root system in which the primary root is the largest in the root system; when the primary root grows quickly Ex. Carrot |
| Tropism | a growth response to stimuli |
| Geotropism | growth towards gravity |
| Phototropism | growth towards light |
| Thigmotropism | response to touch |
| Hydrotropism | response to water |
| Positive tropism | growth towards a stimulus |
| Negative tropism | growth away from a stimulus |
| Stem | transports materials between the roots and the leaves; provides support for other plant parts |
| Woody stems | stems that are made of wood and are more firm; plants with these stems tend to live longer than two years |
| Herbaceous stems | stems that are generally softer, juicier and thinner than woody stems; plants with these stems usually have short life span (one or two years) |
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