SVMS Genetics
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 asexual reproduction | type of reproduction that only requires one parent, producing offspring that are genetically identical to parent |
| sexual reproduction | type of reproduction that involves two parents (egg and sperm), producing offspring that are similar but genetically different from parents |
| egg | female sex cell |
| sperm | male sex cell |
| diploid | two sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | one set of chromosomes |
| meiosis | the process where the number of chromosomes in body cells is reduced by half to create sex cells (egg and sperm) |
| fertilization | the egg and the sperm join |
| zygote | formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell |
| Gregor Mendel | experimented with pea plants, which opened the door to the study of genetics |
| gene | segment of the DNA that codes for a particular trait |
| nitrogen bases | adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine |
| double-helix | the shape of a DNA strand, like a twisted ladder |
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes |
| trait | a different physical characteristic |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| ovary | part of a flower that produces female sex cells |
| stamen | part of a flower that produces male sex cells |
| self-pollination | when pollen (sperm) and egg from the same flower join |
| cross-pollination | when pollen (sperm) and egg from two separate flowers join |
| allele | different forms of a gene or trait |
| dominant | allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present |
| recessive | allele that is hidden, or covered up, whenever the dominant allele is present |
| purebred | an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait |
| hybrid | an organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
| capital letter | used to represent the dominant allele |
| lowercase letter | used to represent the recessive allele |
| DNA | genetic material that chromosomes are made of |
| probability | a number that describes how likely it is that a certain event will occur |
| genotype | genetic makeup or allele combination (ex. Tt) |
| phenotype | physical appearance or visible traits (ex. tall) |
| homozygous | two identical alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | two different alleles for a trait |
| Punnett square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| pollen | contains the male sex cell, sperm, in plants |
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