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Agriculture the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock Animal domestication genetic modification of an animal to make it more amenable to human control and use First Agricultural Revolution start 12,000 years ago; achieved plant domestication and animal domestication; began permanent settlements along fertile river valleys which moved humans from egalitarian societies to stratified societies Plant domestication human influence on genetic modification of a plant (part of 1st agricultural rev.) Second Agricultural Revolution Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. Shifting cultivation subsistence agriculture in which each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period Subsistence farming farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing Third Agricultural Revolution Currently in progress, it has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) Thunian patterns the patterns described in von thunen's agricultural model (the rings) Cadastral system patterns of settlement and land use that delineates property lines Dispersed settlement characterized by a lower density of population and the wide spacing of individual homesteads Folk-housing region Different types of houses in the New England region, mid atlantic region and the tidewater south. Functional differentiation A mode of distinguishing buildings based on the purposes or activities to which they are devoted Hamlet a community of people smaller than a village Long-lot survey system divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals Maladaptive diffusion diffusion of an idea or innovation that is not suitable for the environment in which it diffused into (e.g., New England-style homes in Hawaii, or Ranch-style homes in northeast US). Metes and gounds survey Approach adopted along the eastern seaboard, in which natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land Nucleated settlement a compact closely packed settlement sharply demarcated from adjoining farmland Primogeniture right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son Rectangular land survey System that was adopted by the U.S. Government & divides land into rectangular parcels Township-and-range system Designed to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S interior, the system imposed a rigid grid-like pattern on the land Village a settlement smaller than a town Wattle traditional dwelling built using poles and sticks that are woven tightly together and then plastered with mud Agribusiness a large-scale farming enterprise Ex. raising chickens Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes Commercial agriculture Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Green Revolution 1960s and 1970s intro of pesticides, high-yield grains and better management, greatly increasing agricultural productivity without biotechnology Luxury crops crops that are considered nonessential ex. cocao, coffee, tea, tobacco Organic agriculture crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers Plantation agriculture when cash crops are grown on large estates Agent infectious organism that causes disease AIDS syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood Cholera an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food Chronic disease Disease that develops and continues over a long period of time es heart disease, cancer, stroke Contagious disease any disease easily transmitted by contact Endemic a virus that is native or confined to a particular local region of people Epidemic a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease through a region Genetic diseases Diseases such as Hemophilia, Downs Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anemia that result when genetic instructions in the DNA become confused as a result of genetic mutations. Hidden hunger Getting enough calories but not enough nutrition. Hosts Organism that carries the disease Infectious disease A disease that can pass from one organism to another Influenza viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue Malaria a disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood Malnutrition Resulting from the deficiency or improper balance of essential foodstuffs in the diet, usually proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Medical geography the study of health in geographic context Pandemic an epidemic that is geographically widespread Reservoir a place that contains a large number of hosts, and it is a place where diseases can expand or diffuse Vector any agent (person or animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits a disease Yellow fever a disease transmitted by mosquitoes: its symptoms inclued high fever and vomiting