Ch 2 Basic Chem
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| elements | basic substances that compose all matter. they can't be broken down into simpler substances with different properties by ordinary chemical means |
| property | a unique physical/chemical characteristic such as density, solubility, melting point, reactivity |
| CHNOPS | the 6 elements essential to basic life- carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur |
| atom | the smallest particle of an element tat displays the element's properties |
| atomic symbol | two letters that stand for an element's name |
| atomic mass | mass number- the number of protons in an elements |
| protons | positively charged subatomic particles |
| electrons | negatively charged subatomic particles |
| neutrons | neutrally/chargeless subatomic particles |
| electron shell | the orbit around an atom's nucleus which is the general location of electrons |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons. have same number of protons but different neutron numbers |
| tracer | the use of a radioactive isotope to determine molecular changes in a substance |
| orbital | a particular volume of space where an electron is mostly found |
| octet rule | the rule which states and atom is most stable with 8 electrons on the outer shelf |
| compound | forms when 2+ atoms of different elements bond |
| molecule | the smallest part of a compound that still holds its properties |
| ionic bonding | bonding that occurs when an atom donates an electron to another atom so they're held together by charged ions |
| ions | charged particles |
| salts | solids that release ions when placed in water |
| covalent bond | a bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons so both have a full outer shelf |
| nonpolar covalent bond | bond where electrons are equally shared |
| electronegativity | the attraction for electrons in a covalent bond |
| polar covalent bond | a bond where electrons are unequally shared, giving the atoms slight charges |
| properties of water | 1. high heat capacity 2. high heat of vaporization 3. water is a solvent 4. is cohesive and adhesive 5. surface tension 6. less dense as a solid than liquid |
| calorie | the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree |
| solution | contains dissolved substances |
| solutes | things dissolved in a solution |
| hydrophilic | molecules that attract water |
| hydrophobic | nonionized molecules that can't attract water |
| acids | substances that dissolve n water releasing hydrogen ions |
| bases | substances that take up hydrogen ions or release OH- ions |
| pH scale | indicates acidity or basicness of a solution |
| buffer | chemical/chemical combo that keeps pH normal |
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