CP bio Ch 12
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31 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 biotechnology | The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products |
| complementary DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. |
| conjugation | In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined |
| DNA fingerprint | An individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes |
| DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain |
| DNA microarray | A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. |
| DNA technology | Methods used to study and/or manipulate DNA, including recombinant DNA technology. |
| eugenics | The effort to control the genetic makeup of human populations |
| F factor | A fertility factor in bacteria, a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. |
| gel electrophoresis | The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel |
| gene cloning | The production of multiple copies of a gene |
| gene therapy | The alternation of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease |
| genetic marker | A chromosomal landmark whose inheritance can be studied |
| genetically modified (GM) organism | An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism |
| genomic library | A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector |
| genomics | The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions |
| Human Genome Project | An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome |
| plasmid | A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast |
| polymerase chain reaction | (PCR)A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides |
| R plasmid | A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics |
| recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources |
| recombinant DNA technology | Techniques for combining genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule and then transferring the new molecule into cells, where it can be replicated and expressed; also known as genetic engineering |
| repetitive DNA | Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome |
| restriction enzyme | A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium |
| restriction fragments | One of the molecules of DNA produced from a longer DNA molecule cut up by a restriction enzyme; used in RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis, genome mapping, and other applications |
| telomere | The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome's DNA molecule. |
| ti plasmid | A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants |
| transduction | A DNA-transfer process used by phages to carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another |
| transformation | (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
| transgenic organism | An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means. Also known as a genetically-modified (GM) organism |
| transposon | A transposable genetic element; a mobile segment of DNA that serves as an agent of genetic change |
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