1.
Andres Santa Cruz: mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia btwn 1829 and 1839
2.
Argentine Republic: replaced state of Buenos aires in 1862; Result of compromise btwn centralists and federalists
3.
Augustde Iturbide: 1783-1824 conservative creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; Combined forces entered mexico city in 1821; Later proclaimed emperor of mexico until its collapse in 1824
4.
Benito Juz: 1806-1872 indian governor of state of Oaxaca in mexico; Leader of liberal rebellion against santa anna; Liberal govt defeated by French intervention under emperor napoleon III of france and establishment of Mexican empire under maximilian; Restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872
5.
Caudillos: independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; Sometimes seized national govts to impose their concept of rule; Typical throughout newly indep countries of latin America
6.
Centralists: latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national govts with broad powers Often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives
7.
Cientificos: advisors of govt of porfirio d who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; Permitted Mexican govt to project image of modernization
8.
Domingo F. Sarmiento: 1811-1888 liberal politician and president of argentine republic from 1868 to 1874; Author of facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; Increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation
9.
Father Miguel de Hidalgo: Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; Despite early victories, was captured and executed
10.
Fazendas: coffee estates that spread within interior of brazil btwn 1840 and 1860; Created major export commodity for brazilian trade; Led to intensification of slavery in brazil
11.
Federalists: latin America politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional govts rather than centralized national administrations; Often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals
12.
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: seized power in mexico alter collapse of empire of mexico in 1824; After brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; Defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; Defeated by united states in Mexican- American war in 1848; Unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854
13.
Gran Colombia: independent state created in south America as a result of military successes of simon bolr; Existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations
14.
Guano: bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; Exported from peru as a major item of trade btwn 1850 and 1880; Income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery
15.
Joao VI: Portuguese monarch who established seat of govt in brazil from 1808 to 1020 as a result of Napoleonic invastion of iberican peninsula; Made brazil seat of empire with capital at rio de Janeiro
16.
Jose de San Martin: leader of independence movement in rio de la plata; Led to independence of the united provinces of the rio de la plata by 1816; Later led independence movement in chile and peru as well
17.
Juan Manuel de Rosas: strongman leader in Buenos aires; Took power in 1831; Commanded royalty of gauchos; Restored local autonomy
18.
La Reforma: the liberal rebellion of benito juz against the forces of santa anna
19.
Manifest destiny: belief of the govt of the united states that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; Led to annexation of texas and Mexican-american war
20.
Maximilian von Habsburg: proclaimed emperor maximilian of mexico following intervention of france in 1862; Ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under benito juz in 1867
21.
Mexican-American War: fought btwn mexico and the united states from 1846 to 1848; Led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of mexicos national territory to the united states
22.
Monroe doctrine: American declaration stated in 1823; Established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the US; Supported by Great Britain as a means of opening latin American trade
23.
Panama Canal: an aspect of American intervention in latin America; Resulted from united states support for a Panamanian indep. Movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the panama isthmus; Provided short route btwn atlantic and pacific oceans; Completed 1914
24.
Pedro I: son and successor of JoaoVI in brazil; Aided in the declaration of brazilian indep. From Portugal in 1822; Became constitutional emperor of brazil
25.
Positivism: French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; Adopted by many latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence
26.
Simon Bolivar: creole military officer in northern south America; Won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador btwn 1817 and 1822; Military success led to creation of independent state of gran Colombia
27.
Spanish American war: war fought btwn spain and the US beginning in 1898; Centered on cuba and Puerto rico; Permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto rico and the Philippines
28.
Spanish Civil War: war pitting authoritarian and military leaders in spain against republicans and leftists btwn 1936 and 1939; Germany and italy supported the royalists ; The soviet union supported the republicans; Led to victory of the royalist forces
29.
Toussaint L'Overture: leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804
30.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: agreement that ended the Mexican-american war; Provided for loss of texas and California to the united states; Left legacy of distrust of the united states in latin America
