| anabolisim | chemical reactions that build up larger molecules from smaller one |
| catabolisim | chemical reactions the break down larger molecules into smaller ones |
| anabolic | reactions that store energy |
| catabolic | reactions that release energy |
| dehydration synthesis | reaction in which water is removed to bond molecules together |
| simple sugars | are bonded together to form glycogen |
| hydrolysis | reaction in which water is added to break molecular bonds |
| proteins | are broken down into amino acids |
| anabolic steroids | a group of lipids that stimulate anabolism and thus promote the growth of certain tissues |
| enzymes | proteins that promote chemical reactions |
| substrate | a particular chemical on which an enzyme acts |
| cofactors | inorganic substances that activate incomplete enzymes. examples include iron, copper, and zinc. |
| coenzymes | organic substances that activate incomplete enzymes. ex. include vitamins |
| energy | the capacity to do work or cause change |
| oxidation | a process which cells "burn" glucose to produce energy. It is also known as cellular respiration. |
| A.T.P. | Cellular respiration of food molecules like glucose is necessary to transfer food energy into high energy carrying molecules called? The result is lost body hear. |
| anerobic | respiration that is the first set of chemical reactions that break down glucose, and dont require oxygen. |
| cytosyl | where in the cell does anerobic respiration occur? |
| aerobic | respiration that is the second phase of reactions that do require oxygen |
| mitochondrion | where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur? |
| 38 | how many molecules of ATP are produced for every glucose molecule that is broken down through cellular respiration? |
| DNA molecules | what molecule stores the instructions for making enzymes and other proteins |
| genetic code | these instructions are known as? |
| gene | a small portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic info. for making a particular protein. |
| RNA DNA | two types of Nucleic Acid |
| nucleotides | the building blocks of nucleic acids |
| sugar, phosphate, base molecules | nucleotides consist of 3 parts? |
| amino acids | the sequence of DNA nucleotide bases encodes the sequence of ? in a protein? |
| 3 | how many consecutive bases code for a particular amino acid? |
| genetic code | the method of storing genetic info. in DNA is called ? |
| ribosomes | dna molecules that store the genetic code are found in the nucleus, however proteins are built in which organelle? |
| messanger | the type of RNA that copies the genetic code from DNA and carries the genetic code to the ribosome. |
| transcription | the process of mRNA copying the genetic code from the DNA molecule? |
| nucleus | where in the cell does transcription occur? |
| codon | a set of 3 nucleotides in a mRNA molecule that corresponds to a particular amino acid? |
| pattern; translation | once the mRNA is in the ribosome it will act as a ? or template for the synthesis of protein molecules, a process called ? |
| cytosyl | in which organelle does translation occur |
| transfer | the type of RNA molecule that correctly aligns the proper amino acid along the mRNA as it passes through the ribosome |
| anticodon | a special set of 3 nucleotides on tRNA that correspond to certain codons on mRNA. In this way, tRNA knows how to position the proper amino acid along the mRNA during translation. |
| golgi apparatus | once the protein is formed, it is packaged and secreted from the cell by which organelle? |
| genetic information | each newly formed cell requires a copy of the parent cell's ? so that the new cell can make proteins like enzymes which are necessary to survive. |
| replication | to accomplish this DNA molecules have the ability to duplicate during interphase through a process called? |
| mutagens | mutations may occur spontaneously or may be induced by agents called? |
| chemicals; radiation | examples of mutagens include? |
| glycolysis | also referred to as the anerobic phase of cellular respiration? |
| cytosyl | where does glycolysis occur? |