| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Avagadro's number | 6.022 x 10^23 |
| molar mass | mass of 1 mol of atoms of an element |
| mass percent compostion | element's percentage of the total mass of the compound |
| emperical formula | gives the smallest whole number ratio |
| molecular formula | gives the specific number of each type of atom in a molecule |
| aqueous solution | homogeneous mixture of a substance with water |
| strong electrolytes | substances that completely dissociate into ions in solution |
| precipitation reaction | reactions that form a solid upon mixing two aqueous solutions |
| molecular equation | an equation showing the complete neutral formulas for every compound in the reaction |
| complete ionic equations | equations showing the reactants and products as they are actually present in solution |
| spectator ions | ions that do not participate in the reaction |
| net ionic equations | equations that show only the species that actually participate in the reaction |
| acid-base reactions | reactions that form water upon mixing an acid and a base |
| gas evolution reactions | reactions that evolve gas |
| salt | ionic compound formed from an acid-base reaction |
| oxidation-reduction reaction | reaction involving a transfer of electrons |
| combustion reaction | reaction of a substance with O2 to form one or more oxygen containing compounds, often containing water |
| synthesis reaction | simpler substances combine to form more complex substances |
| decomposition reaction | a complex substance decomposes to form simpler substances |
| double displacement reaction | two elements or groups of elements in two different compounds exchange places to form two new compounds |
| single displacement reaction | one element displaces another in a compound |
| limiting reactant | the reactant that makes the least amount of product |
| theoretical yield | the amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant |
| actual yield | the amount of product actually produced in a chemical reaction |
| percent yield | the percentage of yield that is actually attained |
| stoichiometry | a balanced chemical equation gives quantitative relationships between the amounts of reactants and products |
| enthalpy | the amount of thermal energy emitted or absorbed by a chemical reaction, under conditions of constant pressure |
| enthalpy of reaction | the amount of thermal energy that flows when a reaction occurs at constant pressure |
| wavelength | the distance between adjacent wave crests |
| frequency | the number of cycles or crests that pass through a stationary point in one second |
| electromagnetic spectrum | includes all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation |
| orbits | non specific pathways that electrons follow |
| ground state | the lowest energy state |
| excited state | when the electron is in a higher-energy orbital |
| electron configuration | shows the occupation of orbitals by electrons for a particular atom |
| orbital diagram | shows the occupation of orbitals by electrons for a particular atom but shows the electrons as arrows in a box representing the orbital |
| Pauli exclusion principle | state that all orbitals may hold no more than two electrons with opposing spins |
| Hund's rule | states that when filling orbitals of equal energy, electrons fill them singly first, with parallel spins |
| valence electrons | electrons in the outermost principal shell |
| core electrons | electrons that are not in the outermost principal shell |
| atomic size | determined by how far the outermost electrons are from the nucleus |
| ionization energy | energy required to remove an electron form the atom in the gaseous state |
| Bohr model | model in which electrons occupy circular orbits at specific fixed distances and fixed energies |
| photon | a particle of light |
| orbital | represents a probability map of how an electron moves |
| metallic character | increases up and right |
| ionization energy | increases left and down |
| bonding theories | models that predict how atoms bond together to form molecules |
| chemical bond | involves sharing or transfer of electrons |
| ionic bond | bond in which electrons are transferred |
| covalent bond | bond in which electrons are shared |
| resonance structures | when a molecule exists in nature as an average or intermediate between the two Lewis structures |
Combine with other sets
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