1.
3 Characteristics of Protozoa: 1. Eukaryotes (nucleus)
2. Unicellular
3. Asexual or sexual reproduction
2.
4 more Characteristics of Bacteria: 
1.Metabollically diverse (can live almost anywhere)
2. Some swim (flagalla)
3. Different shapes (rods, cocci, spirals)
4. Different arrangements (clusters, chains, pairs)
3.
4 Ways microbes are beneficial: Recycle vital elements
Bioremediation
Insect pest control
Biotechnology and recombinant DNA
4.
5 Characeristics of Fungi: 1.Eukaryotes (nucleus)
2. Unicellular or multicellular
(yeast) (mold)
3. Cell wall- chitin
4. Asexual or sexual reproduction
5. Found normally in forests on dead rotten leaves or logs and they Absorb Nutrients
5.
5 Characteristics of Algae: 1. Eukaryotes (nucleus)
2. Unicellular or multicellular
3. Photosynthetic (use light to create O2)
4. Asexual or sexual reproduction
5. Important in nutrient cycling (breathe in O2 out CO2 they help cycle it back)
All nutrients have cycle
6.
5 Characteristics of Bacteria: 
1. Singular- Bacterium
2. Prokaryote (no memvrane bound nucleus)
3. Unicellular (Single, circular chromosome)
4. Cell wall- Peptidoglycan
5. Asexual reproduction- Binary fission
7.
5 Characteristics of Multicellular animal parasites: 1. Eukaryotes (nucleus)
2. Multicellular
3. Worms or helminths
4. Only micoscopic during certain life stages
5. Medically important
8.
5 Characteristics of Viruses: 1. Acellular (not technically cell)
2. Core with RNA or DNA
3. Protein coat (may have lipid envelope)
4. Only replicate within host cells-require host (living or non-living?)
5. Only visible with electron microscope
9.
6 Characteristics of Archaea: 1. Ancient (first forms of life)
2. Unicellular
3. Prokaryote (no membrane bound nucleus)
4. No peptidoglycan in cell wall
5. Live in extreme conditions
methanogens (methane gas)
extreme thermophiles (hot ocean vents)
extreme halophiles (salty water)
6. Not known to cause disease
10.
7 Types of Microorganisms: Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Multicellular animal parasites
Viruses
11.
Aceptic technique: sterile
12.
Acid fast cell walls: • Have high levels of lipid in the cell wall
(waxy so dye cant penitrate, have to heat up to get through wax)
- prevent Gram staining
13.
Acid fast stain: • Some bugs cannot be Gram stained (not a lot but some)(positive dyes dont stick)
• Acid fast stain binds to WAXY cell wall material
• Mainly Mycobacterium species
- M. tuberculosis
- M. leprae
(really heat up to get to work)
14.
Acidophile: • pH 0-5.5
• Really acidic environment
• Most bugs dont live in but some do
• Stomach pH 1-2
15.
Active transport: • Works against a concentration gradient
• Requires energy (energy dependent)
Transport proteins
(they have to pay for it, so they do this for food, most bacteria are starving so when they are around food they get as much as they can)
16.
Aerotaxis: Toward or away oxygen
17.
Alcohol: Decolorizing agent
Negative rinces away CV-I complex
Gram + will look purple
Gram - will look colorless
18.
Alexander Fleming: Left for vacation
Came back to a plate with mold
Growth inhibited around fungus
Penicillin discovery
Was not produced until 1940s (12 years later)
Saved many lives during WWII
19.
Alkalophile: • pH 8-11.5
• Very basic pH
• Chemicals next to factories dumped
20.
Amphitrichous: 2 flagella 1 at each end
21.
Antisepsis: Disinfection of living tissue
-safe for use on living tissue
-alcohol, hydrogen peroxide
-wipe before shot
22.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Glass grinder made lenses for first Microscopes
Visualized microbes from teehth, feces, and rainwater
Named them "animalcules"
23.
Avian flu H5N1: Sickened many in 2003
-travels bird to human and very rarely human to human
-vaccine now available
-known as bird flu
24.
Bacteria's pH requirements: • Acidophile
• Neutrophile
• Alkalophile
25.
Bacteria's requirements for growth: -Physical
-Chemical
26.
Bacterial division: • Cell division - binary fission (asexual reproduction)
- Cell elongates (new room for new DNA, simultaneous)
- DNA replicates (simultaneous)
- Septum forms
- Cell division
27.
Bacteriology: Study of bacteria
what Dr. Brown did in grad school
28.
Bad microbes: 
Bacteria in potato salad makes it go bad.
Mold on rotting fruit
Bad food from bad soil
29.
Biofilms: Bacteria growing on a surface
• Good or bad
- Biofilms in lakes serve as food for fish
- Biofilms can grow on surgical devices/catheters (horrible, hip replacement have to take out)
• Bugs in biofilms - more resistant to antibiotics
(gang up, bad influence on eachother)
30.
Bioremediation: Using microbes to clean pollution
Bacteria metabolize tozins and convert to less toxic or nontoxic byproducts
Used in Exxon oil spill
31.
Biotechnology and recombinant DNA: Commercial use of microbes
Microbes can be engineered to be biochemical factories
Involves altering DNA
-insulin production
-plants engineered to contain BT toxin gene
32.
Brightfield: Light passes through
- Object dark, light background
33.
BSE (Mad Cow): Don't know how to treat
34.
Carbon: • Structural backbone of living matter (base of all organic chemicals)
• Autotrophs obtain from CO 2 (Auto-self make own food-photosynthetic bugs)
• Heterotrophs obtain from their source of energy (protein, carbohydrate, lipid) *most bugs
35.
Cell membrane structure: • Composed of phospholipids (phosphate+fat)
- Polar head (loves water)
- Non-polar fatty acid tail (hates water)
(has olive oil consistancy)
• Amphipathic
- Assembles into bilayers
• Flexible
- Fluid mosaic model (important: helps not to break the cell; it can shrink and swell with water)
36.
Cell wall: • Cell wall surrounds cytoplasmic membrane
• Protects membrane
• Maintains pressure (food-take in and save it. water-wants to go inside cell-needs to be at equilibrium. no cell wall- cell would explode)
• Maintains shape
• Peptidoglycan - main component
37.
Chemical requirements for bacteria: • Carbon
• Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus
• Trace elements
• Oxygen
• Growth factors
38.
Chemically defined: • Contains exact amounts of known components
-Important for nutritional studies
(picky, what it eats when it eats it)
39.
Chemotaxis: Toward or away chemical or food
40.
Complex: • Contains extracts/digests of animals, plant, or yeast
-Important for general growth
(use in lab, almost anything will grow in it, never exactly the same)
• Partially digested
• Extract
• Beef
• Yeast
• Soy Bean
• Plant
41.
Confocal: Images can be stacked to form a 3D image
42.
Crystal violet: Primary stain
Purple
Positive charge
43.
Culture: • Microbes growing in or on culture medium
-you cultured the bug
44.
Culture media: • Chemically defined vs. complex
45.
Culture medium: • Nutrients prepared for microbial growth
• Broth or Agar
• Media-plural
46.
Cytoplasic membrane: Plasma membrane
Membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm
47.
Cytoplasm: • Portion of cell inside the cell membrane
• Thick, aqueous material (thick gelatin, has proteins/DNA)
• Complex
48.
Cytoplasm contains: • Nucleoid
• Ribosomes
• Inclusions
• Endospores
49.
Cytoplasmic membrane function: • Separates/Senses the difference of inside the cell/outside the cell (most important)
• Controls entry and exit of material (acts as doors and windows, selective)
• Synthesis site for cell wall and surface components (Pili are not made in the middle, they do it in the membrane, they shoot it out-easy exit)
• Energy (need ATP to live, membrane where its generated)
50.
Cytoplasmic memebrane: Inner cell membrane
51.
Damage to cell wall: • Damage results in cell death
- Cell wall = good antibiotic target (we dont have cell wall so host okay)
- in rush of water=cells explode
(fungi hard to kill because they are Eukaryiotic)
52.
Darkfield: Darkfield filters out light.
Light that hits object passes through.
- Object light, dark background
53.
Death phase: Death > division
-so full bugs start dying at greater rate than dividing
-some bugs lyse-decompose
54.
Decreasing the number of bugs killed: Sterilization
Disinfection
Antisepsis
Degerming
Sanitization
55.
Degerming: Removal of microbes from a limited area (ex: injection site)
-wipe before shot
-use antiseptic to wipe before shot
56.
DIC: Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
• More detail than brightfield or darkfield
57.
Differential and selective medium: • Example: Mannitol salt agar MSR
• Selects for Staphylococcus species
-High salt 7.5% Staph tolerates high salt
• Differentiates S. aureus from others
-pH indicator detects acid fermentation (they eat sugar/pump out acid pH goes down other staph doesnt change pH)
OFTEN USED
58.
Differential medium: • Differential: contains components that help distinguish desired organism from others
• Differentiate between 2 types (different colors)
-Kills 2 birds with 1 stone
• Example: Blood agar
• Many organisms will grow on blood (love it delicious)
• Red blood cells in medium
• Some bugs lyse (burst open, die) red blood cells
-you can see the difference in this medium
59.
Differential stains: Stains that interact differently with different
kinds of bugs
• Two common:
- Gram stain
- Acid fast stain
(to get more information)
60.
Diffusion: • Molecules move freely
- High to low concentration
• Only certain gases (like O 2 ) and small
molecules (like H 2 O)
(moves in and out at the same rate/never stops)
61.
Disinfection: Destruction of vegetative pathogens (metabolically active bugs)
-home cleaning
-not spores
62.
DNA: • Bacteria often house extra DNA
• Called plasmids
- Extrachromosomal DNA
- Small and circular
• Plasmids carry genes not necessary for
survival
• Often advantageous
- Antibiotic resistance (lug around "adventageous currency" just use genes when need it more virulent/competitive)
- Toxin production
- Tolerance to toxic metals
63.
Doubling time: • Also known as generation time
• The time it takes for population to double
- E. coli doubling time = ~20 min
BE ABLE pop. number go forwards/backwords Ex: 1,000 12-2
64.
E. coli 0157:H7: All have in guts, eat undercooked meat, food poisioning
65.
Ebola: Hemmoragic
-nasty bleeding eyes, nose, ears
-from modern travel
66.
Edward Jenner: Found that cowpox was protection from smallpox
67.
Electron microscopy: Electrons instead of light
- Wavelength shorter than light (great resolution)
• Resolution <0.2 µm.
- Viruses (tiny only see with electron microscope)
- Internal cell structure
• No live samples
- Vacuum
(problems: beam of electrons has to be focused, big and expensive)
68.
Endospore: • Also called spores
• Sporulation occurs when nutrients scarce (do or die situation times tough)
- Germination when spore coat is damaged
• Resting stage, not reproductive structure
- One per cell
(Need energy, protein only do it if have to, just survive until gets better, spore senses then bug starts growing again)
• Capule=outside/Spore=inside
69.
Endospore continued: • Formed by Gram positive bacteria
- Generally Bacillus and Clostridium
• Medically important spore formers:
- Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
- B. thruingiensis (insect pathogen)
- Clostridium tetani (tetanus) -lock jaw, muscles contract wont relax
- C. botulinum (botulism) -muscles relax and wont contract
70.
Endospore continued: •Most resistant biological structure known
-Heat (boil), chemicals, radiation, dessication (dry out)
•Known to survive for over 100 years
-Very stable and hard to destroy!!
•Biological warfare concerns
-something you can package spore form germinate in body-disease anthrax)
71.
Enrichment culture: • Enriches/encourages growth of a desired organism
• Similar to selective
• Designed to increase size of a small subpopulation
- Soil samples
- Stool samples
(Going to add the component, other bugs die by neglect)
Example: Want bug that eats oil have to find them add oil, some bugs:
A. evolve to eat oil
B. already eat oil
72.
Facilitated diffusion: • Diffusion involving a carrier protein
• Requires a concentration gradient (High to low concentration)
• Process not completely understood
• Seen more in eukaryotic cells (not as much in bacteria)
73.
Facultative anaerobes: • Either take oxygen or leave oxygen
• Scattered throughout test tube
74.
Fimbriae: Used for attachment
75.
Fimbriae and Pili: • Shorter and thinner than flagella
• Both made of protein - pilin
76.
Flagella: • Flagellum - singular form
• Long appendages
- Attached to cytoplasmic membrane
(many bugs only have one)
• Made of protein - flagellin
• Used for movement
- Flagella rotate at the base
(beats like a propeller)
77.
Fluorescence: Use ultraviolet (very short wavelength) light
- Light is absorbed, then emitted light at a longer (visible)
wavelength
(Resolution is better)
78.
Founder of Scientific Nomenclature: Linnaeus
79.
Germ: A rapidly growing cell
80.
Germ Theory of Disease: Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
Looking for cause of anthrax
grows in soil normal but cows eat it and die so made vaccine
81.
Glycocalyx: - Means sticky coating
- Made of polysaccharides (sugars), polypeptides (proteins), or a mixture
Two types
- Capsule (organized) - involved in virulence (causes disease/harder to get rid of)
- Slime layer (unorganized) (give immune cells harder time pick up soft ball with butter, harder)
82.
Good microbes: Digest your food
Make vitamins
83.
Gram negative: Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Lipopolysaccharide LPS
-gives cell overall negitive charge
-cell protection
Lipoproteins
-in the periplasmic space (between 2 membranes)
-connects peptidoglycan to outer membrane (keeps it stable)
-rod shape
84.
Gram positive: Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid (arms waving from surface)
Lipoteichoic acid (sticks down in membrane)
-gives cell overall negative charge
-cell protection
-coccus shape
85.
Gram stain: Hans Christian Gram
Differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative
organisms
86.
Gram stain procedure: • Apply crystal violet (primary stain), rinse
• Add iodine (mordant), rinse
• Add alcohol (decolorizing agent), rinse
• Apply safranin (counterstain), rinse
87.
Group translocation: • Similar to active transport (additional step)
• Incoming molecule is chemically modified (substrate binds to protein--tag it with big bulky molecule *now no way it will come out--making double sure it doesnt sneak out)
Common with sugars
88.
Growth curve: Label axis
X=time min, hrs, days
Y=Log number of viable cells
• 4 phases (in lab setting)
- Lag
- Log
- Stationary
- Death
89.
H1N1 (swine flu): Sickened many last year
-vaccine now available
-human to human transmission
90.
HIV/AIDS: A disorder that weakens the immune system.
91.
How are microorganisms classified?: 
Three domain system
Carl Woese
All life is divided into 3 domains
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea (extremophiles)
3. Eukarya (nucleus)
Replaces the 5 kingdom system
92.
How are microorganisms named?: Scientific Nomenclature
93.
Immunology: Study of immunity to prevent and cure disease
94.
Inclusions: • Inclusion - reserve deposits (storage) when bacteria stressed and have no food or nutrients
- Metachromatic granules - inorganic phosphate for
ATP production (when depleted energy go into storage closets)
- Polysaccharide granules - starch and glycogen (food)
• Inclusions - reserve deposits (storage)
- Gas vacuoles - air to keep photosynthetic bacteria
afloat (to be closer to light source/not all bacteria use)
- Magnetosomes - iron oxide, act like magnets (RARE bugs line up to point at north/south pole)
95.
Infectious diseases: A disease caused when a pathogen invades a
susceptible host.
• Includes outbreaks such as malaria and
cholera
96.
Inoculum: • Introduction of microbes into medium
-What we introduce into medium/ inoculate
97.
Insect pest control: Uses microbes to control insects
Bacillus thuringiensis-makes protein crystals that are toxic to insects (BT powder shred bugs guts)
Crops dusted with and saved
GMO-genetically modified organism
98.
Internal structures: • Cytoplasm
• Nucleoid
• Ribosomes
• Inclusions
• Endospores
99.
Iodine: Mordant
Makes complex with Crystal violet CV-I
CV-I
-gets trapped in the thick cell wall of Gram positive
-rinced away from Gram negative
100.
John Needham: Boiled broth, poured into containers, then sealed.
Showed growth.
Claimed air contained "vital force" necessary for spontaneous generation
101.
Lag phase: Adjusting
-the bacteria are in a new medium
-like waking up in the morning
102.
Leeuwenhoek's "animalcules": simple organisms could arise from spontaneous generation.
Set people back
103.
Light microscopy: • Used in laboratory
• Very common
• Easy and affordable
104.
Light microscopy works by:: -Lightsourse
-Light goes through the condenser lenses
-Slide
-Through objective lenses
-Prism
-Objective lenses
-Thrown into eye
105.
Lister: Sergical technique
put phenol on surgical wounds
work modeled after pasteur and semmelweiss
106.
Log phase: Calc. max doubling time
Hit stride start growing like crazy
-gene expression (glucose, turn on genes to eat glucose)
107.
Lophotrichous: multiple flagella at 1 end (ponytail)
108.
Louis Pasteur: 
Put spontaneous generation to rest
Swan neck flask
Boiled broth, still airflow, but bacteria trapped in neck so its still sterile
109.
Magnification: Objective lens X Ocular lens = total magnification
(ocular lens usually 10X)
Example
- 100X objective * 10X ocular = 1000X mag.
110.
Magnification vs. Resolution: Just because you can magnify doesn't mean it will be clear (resolution)
Need to see fine detail
111.
Marburg: Hemorrhagic disease
112.
Membrane protein function: • Catalyze reactions (act as enzymes)
• Support (no longer stable without)
• Transport across membrane (proteins are the windows/doors gateways across)
113.
Membrane proteins: Major component of cytoplasmic membrane
-Transmembrane (through)
-Integral (across, not all the way through)
-Periferal (on one side)
114.
Mesophiles: • 20-45*C
• Middle
• Pathogens
• Room temperature 40*C
• Body temperature 37*C
• Most bugs
115.
Microaerophiles: • Need oxygen/use oxygen but only a little
• Middle of test tube
• Too much/little=death
116.
Microbes and human disease: Normal microbiota
Biofilms
Infectious diseases
Emerging infectious diseases
117.
Microbiology has led to:: Prevention of food spoilage
Vaccines
Aseptic technique (sterile)
-in the lab
-in the hospitals (surgical techniqe)
118.
micrometer: µm
1/1,000,000
10 to the -6
119.
Microorganism: A living organism that is individually too small to see with the naked eye
120.
Microscopy: Resolution (ability to distinguish fine detail) inversely proportional to wavelength of light used
121.
milimeter: mm
1/1000
10 to the -3
122.
Modern developments in Micro: Bacteriology
Mycology
Parasitology
Immunololgy
Virology
Recomvinant DNA technology
123.
Monotrichous: 1 flagella at 1 end
124.
MSRA: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
-more deaths than AIDS in US
Limit use of antibiotics
-triclosan in bath and body works hand sanitizer (little beads,
making bacteria stronger)
Hospital aquired, now can get it anywehere
125.
Mycology: Study of fungi
126.
Name 6 foods that come from good microbes: 
Bread, Wine, Cheese, Chocolate, Pickles, Coffee
127.
nanometer: nm
1/1,000,000,000
10 to the -9
128.
Neutrophile: • pH 5.5-8
• Most pathogens/bugs
129.
New and/or changing infectious diseases: -new or changing infectious diseases
• Contributing factors
- Evolutionary changes in the microorganism (evolve rapidly every 20 min)
- Modern transportation (followed HIV from truckers main roads)
- Human invasion of new territory (rain forests/rare tropic diseases)
130.
Nitrogen: • Incorporate into proteins, DNA, and RNA
131.
Normal microbiota: We are all colonized by bacteria
-our cells are outnumbered
Not harmful
Some beneficial
-Vitamin K and some vitamin B synthesis
-floura is a good example of good bacteria in the body
132.
Nucleoid: • Contains the bacterial chromosome
- Long, circular, double-stranded DNA
- Contains all genetic information (everything needed to survive)
• Associated with cell membrane during
cell division (ONLY attaches to membrane during cell division)
133.
Obligate aerobes: • Need oxygen die without it
• Top of the test tube
134.
Obligate anaerobes: • Oxygen kills them
• Bottom of the test tube
135.
Obtaining pure cultures: • Bacteria are rarely found alone
• Samples contain many bacterial species
• We must be able to separate them
-Streak plates
136.
Organic growth factors: Organic compounds that an organism is
unable to synthesize
Ex: Some vitamins
- (Many bugs can synthesize their own)
-If not, have to aquire them from somewhere
137.
Organism: Living being
138.
Osmotic pressure: • Bacteria need water
- Cells are 80 - 90% water
• Hypertonic solutions (more salt outside cell) remove water from the cell
- Inhibit growth (bacteria not happy)
• Why is salt a great preservative?
-It dehydrates and inhibits growth, takes water out
-salt meat so doesnt spoil
139.
Outside cell wall: • Glycocalyx
• Flagella
• Fimbriae
• Pili
140.
Oxygen: • Organisms have different needs for oxygen
- Some require it
- It is toxic to some
- Some are indifferent
141.
Parasitology: Study of protosoans and parasitic worms
142.
Pasteur and vaccines: Found avirulent lab strains were protective against chicken cholera
Termed vaccine and vaccination in honor of Jenner (vacca- Latin for cow)
143.
Pasteur's discoveries: Fermentation
-beer and wine merchants asked for his help
Pasteurization
-saved the cheese, juice, milk industry
Found silkworm disease due to microbe (protozoan)
144.
Paul Ehrlich: Believed there was a 'magic bullet' (one magic chemical that could kill every infection)
Tested hundreads of compounds
Found salvarsan
Salv=salvation from syphilis, arsan=aresenic
(not an easy drug to take but helped people with syphilis not go crazy
145.
Peptidoglycan: NAG-NAM (sugars)
-Repeating disaccharide
-Major structural component
(the glycan portion of peptidoglycan)
NAG-NAM forms rows
-Rows connected by polypeptides (amino acid bridges connect through NAM)
146.
Peritrichous: completely covered in flagella
147.
Phagocitosis: Immune cells eat pathogen
148.
Phase Contrast: • More detail than brightfield or darkfield
Various shades of gray
149.
Phosphorus: • Incorporate into nucleic acids, ATP (energy), and phospholipids (membranes)
150.
Phototaxis: Toward or away light
151.
Physical requirements: • Temperature
• pH
• Osmotic pressure
152.
Pili: Used for motility and DNA transfer
- Motility different than flagella motility
• Pili extend, then retract (hook and grapple)
- DNA transfer - conjugation via sex pilus (exchange genes between species)
• Important for antibiotic resistance
153.
Problems with antibiotics: Toxicity to the host
Antibiotic resistance
154.
Prokaryotes: -No membrane bound nucleus (DNA floats in cell)
-No membrane bound organelles (floats in cytoplasm)
-Single, circular chromosome (Eukaryotes: human chromosomes linear 23 pairs)
-Binary fission (one cell elongates and divides)
-Cell wall with peptidoglycan
155.
Protein transport: No energy required
-Diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion
Energy required
-Active transport
-Group translocation
156.
Psychrophiles: • Less than 15*C
• Cold loving
• Die at room temperature
• Refridgerators 4*C
157.
Recombinant DNA technology: Study of microbial genetics and molecular viology
158.
Recycle vital elements: Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus are essiential for life
Abundant but not always in usable forms
Microorganisms make usable forms
159.
Redi Experiment: 
2 containers with meat, one covered.
Maggots grow, spontaneous generation
Air "vital force"
Tried again with mesh and it worked
160.
Resolution: Ability to distinguish fine detail
161.
Ribosomes: • Sites of protein synthesis (important for bugs because they have to have protein to live)
• Each cell contains tens of thousands
- Cytoplasm looks granular in microscope
• Different from eukaryotes (humans) (70S vs. 80S)
- Bacterial ribosomes less dense
•Composed of two subunits, each contains:
-Protein (large)
-rRNA (ribosomal RNA) (small)
Large+Small=Complete ribosomes
• Because bacteria's ribosomes are different from humans they are good antibiotic targets
162.
Robert Hooke: Visualized a "cell" cork
not enough resolution to see microbes
163.
Robert Koch: He won
Kosh's postulates
Found rod-shaped bacteria in blood of infected cows
He cultured the bacteria
He injected bugs into healthy animals
The healthy animals died
Blood from those animals had rod-shaped bacteria
164.
Safranin: Counterstain
Pink
Positive charge
165.
Sanitization: Lowers microbial counts to safe public heath levels (ex:utensils)
-reduces numver of microbes present
-forks, toilet seats
166.
Scientific Nomenclature: Each organism has 2 names:
Genus - Capitalized Italicized
Species - lowercase Italicized
Name may be descriptive or honor a person
167.
Selective medium: • Selective: contains components that suppress
growth of undesired organisms
• Add chemical
-When your selecting for something add component kills something you dont want
• Example: Bismuth sulfite agar
-Selects for Salmonella typhi from feces
-Bismuth sulfite inhibits Gram + bugs and most Gram -(growing only thing that will grow on this)
168.
Semmelweiss: Worked in 2 hospitals
paid and state (free)
In the free hospital women died after giving birth, paid one didn't
Free- students worked in morgue didn't wash hands
He made a bleech soluton and emphasized importance of washing hands
People called him crazy run out of country, died of bacterial disease
169.
Simple stains: • Consists of a single basic dye
- Basic dyes have a positive charge
- All bugs are have a slight negative charge (they attract and sitck to eachother)
• Stain applied, rinsed, bugs retain dye
(only tells you the bug is there, shape/size)
170.
Special stains: • Used to color/isolate specific structures
- Endospores
(bacteria do or die state sporulation survival mode)
- Flagella
- Capsule
(protective coating some bacteria have)
171.
Specimen Preparation: Bacteria applied to slide (thin film) (put drop smear around)
- Air dry, called a "smear"
Slide is passed through flame (2-3 times)
- Kills the bugs and sticks them to slide
Stain applied (rince away)
Observe
172.
Spontaneous Generation: Life from non-life
Huge debate 200 years
173.
Stationary phase: Flat line growth=death
-tube is full
-start running out of food/space
-metabollic waste products-toxic
174.
Sterile: • No living microbes
-Hospital
175.
Sterilization: Destruction of all forms of microbial life
-hospital equipment includes viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi
176.
Storage of pure cultures: • Short term: refrigeration (only good for 1-2 weeks)
• Long term: Deep-freezing or freeze-drying
- Deep freezing: Liquid suspension, -80°C
- Freeze drying: Sample frozen, then dried to
powder (preserve so bugs dont die)
177.
Sulfa drugs: Came from the textile industry (as well as many other drugs)
Contained dyes
they worked but would dye skin red
178.
Sulfur: • Incorporate into proteins and vitamins
179.
Taxis: Flagella
-movement toward or away from a stimulus
Positive- towards
Negative-away
180.
Temperature requirements for bacteria: • Psychrophies
• Mesophiles
• Thermophiles
Range will differ from organism to organism
181.
Thermophiles: • Greater than 45*C
• Heat loving
• Hot deep sea vents
182.
Trace elements: • Iron, copper, molybdenum, zinc
• Usually used as enzyme cofactors
-only need tiny amounts but really important, enzyme reactions wont take place without them
183.
Types of Light Microscopy: • Brightfield
• Darkfield
• Phase contrast
• Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
• Fluorescence
• Confocal
184.
Types of microscopy: Light microscopy
Electron microscopy
Scanned probe microscopy
185.
Types of staining: • Simple (one simple stain)
• Differential (use more than one stain, more than one color)
- Gram stain
- Acid fast
• Special (very characteristic traits)
- Negative for capsules(coating on bacteria)
- Endospore (spore, resistant structure)
- Flagella (tails to swim)
186.
Ugly microbes: 
Illness/Sickness
Disease
187.
Units of measurement: • SI units
- 1 m = standard unit (meter)
- 1 mm = 10^-3 m (milimeter)
- 1 µm = 10^-6 m (micrometer)
- 1 nm = 10^-9 m (nanometer)
Microorganisms are measured in
micrometers, µm (10^-6 m)
nanometers, nm (10^-9 m)
• For reference:
- Dime = 1 mm
- Human hair = ~100 µm
- Bacterial cell = 1 µm
- Chlorine atom = 1 Å (0.1 nm)
188.
Virology: Study of viruses
189.
Virulence: Causes disease
190.
Wavelenght: Long=bad resolution
Small=good resolution
191.
West Nile Virus: Mosquito bites human
192.
What percentage of Bacteria cause disease?: Less than 1%
193.
Why stain?: Bacteria are almost colorless (tiny difficult to see)
Stains make them more visible
Various stains emphasize certain structures (or different characteristics)
