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Acoustics study of sound; science of sound What are the five acoustic characteristics? sound production; sound analysis; transmission of sound; modification of sound; and perception Perception how we perceive the sound; our interpretation How does perception differ from sensation? Perception: psychological; can be perceived differently; interpretation Sensation: Don't interpret; can hear but don't perceive; reflexive Speech perception interpretation of speech signals or auditory signal; complex sounds What are some of the fields that contribute to speech science? audiologist, acoustic physics, medical sciences, psychology, speech pathology, engineering, education, anatomy and physiology, linguists and phonetics, research methods and statistics What is the major difference between speech science and speech language pathology? Speech science need not be clinical, SLP is clinical What field dieals with swallowing and pragmatic issues? Speech Language Pathology Sound occurs when a disturbance creates changes in pressure in a medium (gas, liquid, and solid) inertia tendency of matter to remain at rest or in motion unless acted on by an outside force elasticity restoring force that brings an object back to its original size, shape, or position after having been displaced or deformed condensation articles are pushed together; disturbed compressed; high pressure state rarefaction separated; back to orginal state; low pressure state; area of negative pressure What are the three elements involved in the production of sound? Force, object, and medium; When a force sets an object into motion/vibration in a given medium, sound is produced. What are the two dimensions of wave form? amplitude and time amplitude amount of displacement of an object from its rest position; height of disturbance; vertical; y axis time horizontal; x- axis Sine wave sinusoidal wave; simple harmonic motion; simple sound Cycle repetition of an event; one full oscillation; one complete vibration; period time taken to complete one complete vibration/cycle; unit = seconds/milliseconds frequency rate of vibration of an object; # of cycles/per unit time; unit = hertz pitch perception of frequency; subjective; unit = mel postive correlation as variable a increases, b increase Pitch negative correlation inverse relationship What is the relationship between length and frequency? inversely related; negative correlation What is the relationship between mass(weight) and frequency? inversely related; negative correlation What is the relationship between tension and frequency? directly related; postive correlation Explain mass, length, and tension for a male and a female voice Male = Lower frequency; thicker vocal folds; longer; less tense Female = opposite of male Audible Frequency Range for avg/normal hearing 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz subsonic sounds Below 20 Hz; some animals can hear; i.e. elephants suprasonic sounds Above 20,000 Hz; some animals can hear; i.e. dogs, bats, dolphins, whales General Speech Frequency Range 75 Hz - 8000 Hz Formula for Period P = 1/F Formula for Period F = 1/P If you multiply the frequency times the period, what do you get? ONE! What is the relationship between force, amplitude, and loudness? The greater the force, the greater the amp, and the greater the perceived loudness velocity speed of sound in a given direction and given medium; Formula = distance/time The speed of sound is fastest in what medium? solid mediums List the mediums and their velocital differences for how sound travels through them Solid = 3 times greater than liquid, and liquid = 3 times greater than air (gas) What is the speed of sound in air? 1130 ft/sec How does velocity differ at higher/lower altitudes? Higher = slower velocity Lower = faster velocity How does velocity differ in warmer temperatures? faster How does velocity differ in a denser vs less dense medium? faster in a dense medium wavelength distance traveled in one cycle of vibration; distance between two exact points wavelength formula velocity/frequency As frequency increases, the wavelength _____. decreases oscilloscope the instrument used to measure waveform Frequency counter gives a digitial display of the frequency simple sounds/pure tones sound with only one frequency; examples = tuning forks, hearing tests, musical tuning purposes complex sounds sound with two or more frequencies; composed of pure tones/simple sounds; mostly what we hear periodic wave in which each cycle takes the same amount of time to occur; sounds nice and pleasant; wave forms are regular and systematic; sounds musical aperiodic wave in which cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur; sound rough; examples = car crash, stomping feet; waveform don't repeat, and are irregular What speech sounds are complex periodic? vowels, dipthongs, nasals, and liquids/glides Which speech sounds are complex aperiodic? voiceless fricatives, voiceless affricates, voiceless plosives, and glottal Which speech sounds are both complex periodic and aperiodic? all voiced consonants; voiced fricatives, voiced affricates, and voiced plosives Fourier analysis mathematical procedure to identify the individual sinusoids in a complex sound; analysis of a complex periodic sound; break it down into simple components: frequency, amplitude, phase relationship What analysis is used only for complex periodic sounds? Fourier Analysis Phase relationship timing relationship between sounds; examples 90 degrees or 180 degrees out of phase constructive interference waves that combine and increase the amplitude of the resulting wave; waves that are inphase can have this destructive interference waves that combine and decrease the amplitude of the resulting wave; waves that are outphase with each other Fundamental frequency lowest frequency in a complex periodic sound; this frequency usually has the highest amplitude (Fo) Range of Fundamental frequencies (Fo) Men: 85-150 Hz Women: 175-250 Hz Children: > 300 Hz Frequency perturbation Jitter; cycle to cycle variability in frequency of vocal fold vibration; variations, fluctutations in fundamental frequencies Harmonics aka: Overtones whole number multiples of the Fo; the more harmonics a sound has, the easier it becomes to detect their sound H1 = Fo H2 = F1 Why are harmonics important? Quality of sound, identify sounds, and differentiate between sounds How do harmonics help with the telephone? Most frequencies that we hear aren't transmitted through the phone, but it is the harmonics that are transmitted. overtones used in music; Fo = 250 O1 - 500 O2 - 750 intensity how hard an object vibrates; energy carried by the sound particles formula for intensity intensity = amplitude squared loudness perception of intensity; subjective how are force, intensity, and loudness related? The greater the force, the greater the intensity, and louder is the sound you hear Decibel dB; unit for intensity What does 0 dB mean? the softest sound/level an avg person with normal hearing can hear; used as a reference; below O dB - can't hear; above 0 dB can hear Sone unit for loudness 1 sone = 1000 Hz at 40 dB Sound level meter instrument used for intensity and amplitude overall spl ... SPL at specific frequencies ... normal conversation 60 dB Noise physical def: combinations of all freq; periodic, aperiodic, complex sound which consists of numerous frequencies; all types of sounds Pyschological def: Perceive that we don't like; any unwanted sound, unpleasant Noise induced HL SNHL; High intensity noise levels can cause this; will start losing ability to hear high frequencies tinnitus ringing in the ears vocal abuse can be caused by screaming, shouting, speaking louder; teacher; cheerleaders OSHA Noiselevel Guidelines Should not exceed 85 dB - 8 hrs/day 90 dB- 4 hrs/day 95 dB- 2 hrs/day 100 dB - 1hr/day 105 dB - 1/2 hr/day(30 min) 110 dB - 1/4 hr/day (15 min) High Risk Workers hunters; commuters, musicians, construction workers, lawn service people, industrial workers, airline industry Dimensions of waveform two dimensions; amplitude and time Dimensions of spectrum two dimensions: frequency and amplitud Dimensions of spectrogram three dimensions: frequency: vertically intensity: shade of darkness time: horizontally spectrograph instrument that produces a spectrogram spectrum analzyer instrument used for spectrum propagation of sound how sound is transmitted; involves distance and amplitude; further the distance from the sound source = decrease in amplitude; damping absorbed heat energy and then dissapate; carpet, tiles, ceiling tiles can absorb high frequency sounds really well reverberations reverberation time a. prolong a sound; i.e. echo b. time needed for sound to decay/reduce to 1/1 millionth of original amplitude live rooms reverberation time is greater; meaning that the sound is going to last a long time; i.e. church, concert halls dead rooms reverberation time is short; don't want the sound to prolong; i.e. sound treated rooms; classrooms; therapy rooms; recording studio s/n ratio signal to backgroud noise ratio ANSI background for classroom should not exceed 35 dB +15 dB ... Resonance when frequency of one sound source activates another sound source of same/similar frequency, an increase in amplitude will take place; thus you hear an increase in loudness mechanical any object not filled with air; i.e. tuning fork, strings on instruments, acoustic any space filled w/air or gas; i.e. oral cavity, flute, air cavity on saxophone; whole case of drum; whole bell vocal tract tubelike structure; from the vocal folds all the way to the lips; pharyngeal and oral cavities, and can include the nasal cavity; when vocal folds are set into vibration, multiple resonations can occur in vocal tract due to multiple frequencies; complex sound produced; change the size and shape of vocal tract and will change different resonances resonant frequencies* R1, R2, R3 - The lowest are most important for speech; can perceive all sounds for American English; differentiating one speech sound from another speech sound length of vocal tracts 1. Shorter = see resonance at higher frequencies 2. Longer = resonances will occur at lower frequencies three subsystems of A & P Respiratory system phonatory system articulatory system Respiration respiratory cycle; inhalation/exhalation = 2 phases structures: thorax, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, abdomen, lungs Thorax boundaries Anteriorly: Sternum Laterally: Ribs Posteriorly: Vertebral column Vertebral column 33 vertebrae; vertebrae connected by cartilage and ligaments Types of vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal lungs encased within the rib cage/thoracic cage Right: 3 lobes Left: 2 lobes composed of air cells, spongy elastic, tiny and millions of these cells; covered with PULMONARY PLEURA membrane - reduces friction between ribs and lungs 4 major muscles of inhalation diaphragm external intercostal muscle pectoralis major pectoralis minor diaphragm* Boundaries: Domelike structure; compromised of muscle and tendons Function: contracts and flattens; allows lungs to expand vertically (inferior/superior) so lung volume can increase Inhalation external intercostal muscle "between the ribs"; outer layer boundaries: Function: contract like 1 sheet of muscle; extend ribs in a forward, upperward manner; ribcage expands anteriorly and posteriorly,so do lungs; lung volume increases Inhalation pectoralis major paired; Boundary: extends from sternum to upper arm Function:lifts ribcage - upward and outward; ribcage ant/post; lungs ant/post; Inhalation pectoralis minor paired; Boundary: attached to ribs; and inserts into shoulder Function:lifts ribcage - upward and outward; ribcage ant/post; lungs ant/post; not as strong as pectoralis major Inhalation Ribs 10 - attached to sternum and vertebral column 2 - floating; attached posterioly to vertebral column covered with costal pleura membrane - helps reduce friction between ribs and lungs 5 major muscles of exhalation internal intercostals abdominal muscles: rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse muscle Other factors affecting breathing cycle air pressure force of gravity elasticity of lungs Quiet breathing life, listening, normal, and vegetative breathing speech breathing talking Time ratio - Quiet breathing inhalation 40% exhalation 60% Time Ratio - Speech Breathing inhalation 10% exhalation 90% Vital capacity amount of air that you can expel after you inhale; Normal conversation: 20 - 25% Speaking Loudly: 40% Location Speech : mouth quiet: nose subglottal air pressure pressure below the level of the vocal folds Speech: more normal: less Which type of breathing is reflexive and which is voluntary? A. quiet breathing B. speech breathing