Third Quarter AP Euro Terms
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clhrunner28 on February 13, 2011
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272 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Madame de Pompadour | a member of the french court and chief mistress of Louis XV |
| Parlement | the high court of Paris. Before the Rev had the power to approve of disapprove the King's Decrees |
| Louis XV | was the great grandson of Louis XIV, the nobility gained influence during his reign, and he allowed his ministers and mistresses to influence him greatly |
| Louis XVI | grandson of Louis XV, dismissped Maupeau(chancellor), re-instated the old Parlement, King during the Rev, married to Marie Antoinette. |
| Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XIV, daughter of Maria Theresa, very spoiled and intolerant of the Peasants' needs. |
| The 3 Estates | the social system in france, the first tier including the the clergy, the second was the nobility, and the third was everyone else. Much tension between these three tiers. |
| Bourgeoisie | the upper middle class |
| Jacque Necker | the finance Minister of Louis XIV |
| Cahiers de Doleances | the list of grievances drawn up at the estates general, asked for a constitutional monarachy |
| Lettre de Cachet | formal letters from the King that sentenced a person without a trial |
| Estates General | May 1789, composed of the three estates, had controversy over how the votes would be distributed between the estates, the third estate refused to appear |
| Abbe Sieyes | most influential writer of the third estate, wrote the pamphlet "what is the third estate?", influenced by Rousseau and claimed the third estate should have the power in France |
| The Age of Montesquieu | The National Assembly ruled during this time |
| Tennis Court Oath | the National Assembly were locked out of Versaille so they met in a tennis court and swore to continue meeting until a constitution was made |
| Declaration of Rights of Man | August 26, 1789, was influenced by American Constitution ideals, guarenteed due process of law, enlightenment philosphy, abolished feudalism and guilds. General will ruled. |
| Bastille | the first violent revolution in Paris, caused by Louis XIV gathering troops, went to the Bastille ( a jail) and stole all the arms, this saved the National Assembly |
| Great Fear | was everywhere in France, a great rebellio, n of people, burned many legal records, middle class landowners were attacked. |
| National Assembly | The third estate declared themselves the government of france and was called this |
| Jean-Paul Marat | bathtub boy, radical poilitical journalist, big supporter of the sans-coulottes |
| Olympe de Gouges | wrote "the Rights of women" 1791 |
| Rights of Women | written by Olympe de Gouges, made everything in Dec. of Rts. Of Man applicable to women |
| Wollstonecraft | English wrote vindication of Rts of Women 1792 believed and sided with Gouges |
| Madame de Stael | Ran a salon. Deplored subordination of women to men. Lack of attention by revolution. Father was Necker. Wrote widely read books |
| Vindications Rts. Of Women | Written by Mary Wollestoncraft. Believed same as Gouges and advocated the same ideas of euql rights for women |
| Women's March | oct 1789 women of Paris march to Versailles. Shortage of Bread, Marat advocated wanted people held accountable. 7,000 w/ the Paris National Guard to Versailles. Demand king to do something about prices. Marat promoted the violence and revolution |
| Jean-Paul Marat | advocated the Women's March to Versaille. Heads will roll. |
| refractory clergy | The clergy that stated true to the pope and refused to take the oath of allegience to the new government |
| 83 Departments | The National Assembly divided the country into 83 districts weakness as local communities would not enforce national law |
| Civil Consitution of the clergy | Created a national church w/ 83 bishops and diocese. Convents and monastaries abolished. Arch bishops abolished. Clergy men paid by state and elected by all citizens. Clergy forbidden to accept authority of Pope. Oath to government. Peasants get to buy land from church property. split country. Big mistake |
| Assignats | The new Paper currency |
| Flight to Varennes | Louis XVI tried to escape france in june 1791. wanted to raise a counter revolutionary army with help from foreign countries and Émigré noblemen. Almost made it but caught. Caused King and queen to become prisoners and forced to sign constution. |
| Edmund Burke | English. Reflection of the Revolution in France. One of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservation. Defended inherited privileges especially those of English monarchy and aristocracy. Predicted ditatorship and anarchy. Defended conservatism. advised going slow in adopting liberties. |
| Thomas Paine | Rts of man American. Responded to Burke by defending Enlightenment principles and France's revolution. Believed in triumph of liberty of despotism |
| Reflections on the Revolution in France | Edmund Burke |
| Rights of Man | Thomas Paine |
| Legistlative Assembly | 1791-1792. Whole new group of legistlators replaced the National Assembly in the government. Not members of N. Assembly. Younger less cautious. Emergence of different political faction -Republicans. All want republic. More liberal. Committed to liberal revolution and wanted to go to war to save revolution. Marat, Robespierre Danton |
| Jacobins | Named after political. Dominate Assembly. Very liberal |
| Girondins | a group of Jacobins more radical and liberal. Led the group to war |
| Declarations of Pillnitz | Issued by Prussia and Austria in 1791. Leopold II willing to take military steps to resotre order in Fr. If all other powers join. Unanimous support (was a bluff) |
| Brunswick Manifesto | July 25,1792. If Roaly family harmed Prussia and Austria would destroy Paris. |
| Paris Commune | The radical in the Legislative Assembly convinced other so suspend constitution. Temporary emergency governmnet run by Marat, Danton, Robespierre. Revolutionary government. New Election with universal male suffrage |
| Emigres | the nobles that fled France to other nations to try to get support and influence Prussia and Austria to restore the monarchy |
| War of the First Coalition | Fr vs Austria and Prussia. Fr defeated by Austria. (Austria and Prussia focus on Partitions) unrest and disatisfaction of lowest classes in Fr. Increased. Blame Emigres and king louis for why they lost -treason, part of a conspiracy |
| storming of the Tuleries | Louis XVI and Queen were forced into jail after the Sanscullottes and the government stromed the Tuleries in August 10, 1792. King taken prisoner and guards slaughtered |
| Danton | ... |
| September Massacres | Led by Paris Commune. Rumors spread of counter revolution of prisoners (aristocracy and refractory priests) plotting against Fr w/ foreigners. Mobs slaughtered prisoners and any who opposed the revolution. Most of the foreign supporters shocked by violence and withdrew. |
| Age of Rousseau | ... |
| National Convention | 1792-1795. sept 1792 fr proclaimed a republic -abolished monarchy, intalled republicanism, emphsized life liberty and fraternity. Members=jacobins who supported englightenment The mountain emerged as more urban raidcal and violent then the Girondins who were rural |
| Sans-culottes | radical working class. Influence/pressure National Convention with prices. Ousted the Girondins, involved in violence, economic agenda |
| Enrages | Sanscullottes leaders |
| Committee of Public Safety | 1793-1794. became emergency government to deal with problems. Led by Robespierred influenced by Gernal Will. |
| Robespierre | ... |
| Louis Saint-Just | ... |
| Law of Maximum | A planned economy to respond to economic problems like food shortages, maximum allowed prices fixed prices which poor can afford, rationing, nationlized workshops, qualizing of grain and bread, arms and munitions now produced |
| Lazare Carnot | Reorganized french army. Total war. Asked for Levee en Masse |
| Levee en Masse | entire nation conscripted (drafted) into military service. War was a national mission. Asked for be Lazare Carnot. Army grow to 1 million |
| Reign of Terror | 1793. executions for any who questioned authority "were a danger to the republic." Law of Suspects used to charge with treason. Used the guillotine. Not directed at particular group/class. Nobody safe all afraid of Robespierre. Danton and follower executed. ended with Thermidorian Reaction |
| Law of Suspects | suspected enemies of the revolution were tried before military tribunal which were created to hear crimes of treason. Reign of Terror |
| Vendee | ... |
| Jacques Herbt | radical Social democrat led Herbtistes executed |
| Herbertistes | Part of extreme Terror, executed |
| Cult of Supreme Being | introduced by Robespierre. Deistic natural religion. Recognized god's existence and immortality of soul. New calender w/o religious holidays, new names of months days and holidays, |
| Temple of Reason | Notre Dame |
| The Directory | ... |
| Thermodian Reaction | Ended Reign of Terror 1794. Robespierre goes to far with death of Danton. He was denounced by convention. Arrested and executed |
| Conspiracy of Equals | Led by Babeuf. Tried to overthrow the Directory and replace it w/ a dictatorial democratic government which would abolish private property and enforce equality. Precurser to communism. Threat was put down easily. Babeuf guillontined. |
| Coup d'Etat Brumaire | Napoleon put in charge |
| Commercial Revolution | The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the Industrial Revolution. |
| Proto-Industrialism | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution. |
| Bubble Act | A Law in England which was passed in 1719, and was intended " for restraining several extravagant and unwarrantable practices therein mentioned." act of parliament forbidding joint stock companies |
| Lowes Act | Allowed for limited liability for business owners |
| Robert Fulton | American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) |
| Henry Cort | In the 1780s, he developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). He also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form. |
| Duke of Bridgewater | 1st Industrial Canal |
| John McAdam | a scottish engineer that equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage and on top placed a layer of smoother rocks, prevented heavy wagons from sinking into the mud; first hard roads |
| Credit Moblier | a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. |
| Proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages |
| Frederick Engels | socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895) |
| Luddites | These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines |
| Combination Acts | These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union |
| Robert Owen | Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858) |
| Chartists | seeking political democracy, universal male suffrage, est. controls over economic system to prevent exploitation ( think of German Peasant Revolt, Bread Roits, French Revolution) ; , Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter |
| Saddler Commission | investigated working conditions helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories. |
| Factory Act 1833 | limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers |
| Mines Act 1842 | prohibited underground work for women, considered a scandal for women to work in the pits, prevented the fraternizing of sexes |
| Manchester | The city where the first major rail line ended |
| Irish Potato Famine | Devastating famine that began in the 1840s. Led to decimation of the Irish population, the Irish diaspora, violent resistance to British control of Ireland, and the beginnings of Irish nationalism. also the beginning of the irish immigration to the US |
| Ausgleich | Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary. |
| Bundestag | ... |
| Ems Dispatch | A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war. |
| Franco-Prussian War 1870 | 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. |
| Napoleon III | Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism. |
| Otto von Bismark | (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. |
| Syllabus of Errors | 1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state. |
| II Risorgimento | Italian period of history from 1815 to1850. the political and social movement that created a unified italy from the many different states of the italian penn. |
| Zollverein | Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs. |
| Austro-Prussian War 1866 | aseven-week war in 1866 in which railroads and the breechloading needle gun were used by the Prussians to defeat Austria. Prussia offered Austria generous peace terms, and Austria agreed to withdraw from German affairs. North German Confederation formed. |
| Austro-Hungarian Empire | Empire in which a dual monarchy was set up in order to bring compromise to a series of different ethnicities |
| 2nd French Empire | The New Emperor Napoleon III encouraged public works, investment banks, railroads, and economic progress in general to ease tensions |
| King Victor Emmanuel | king of sardinia, piedmont and savory until 1861 when he was crowned first king of the united italy |
| Crimean War | war between russia and an alliance of france, britain, kingdom of sardinia, and the ottoman empire on the crimean pennisula |
| Florence Nightingale | Head Nurse during the Crimean war from Britain. Founded modern nursing as a trained proffession |
| Falloux Law | after the shock of all the french revolutions, this law was passed that said that all primary schools should be run by the church |
| Second Industrial Revolution | New technologies such as electricity, alloys and chemicals. Second half of 19th century. Oil, chemicals, steel production, machinery and rails.Science and technology are linked, with new professions. |
| Von Haussmann | Man who redeveloped Paris. Wide boulevards, better housing, rid of slums, create parks and open space. |
| Public Health Movement | Edwin Chadwick tried to end high incidence of disease and morality rate. Disease/death cause of poverty. Influenced by utilitarianism. |
| Edwin Chadwick | Most important reformer of living conditions in cities. |
| Louis Pasteur | Developed the germ theory of disease, helped reduce food poisoning. |
| Joseph Lister | Developed anti-septic theory in performing surgeries, fewer die from infection as a result of surgery. |
| Dmitri Mendeleev | Devised periodic table, rules of chemistry |
| Faraday | Created first dynamo (electric generator). Applied to development of electric motors, lights and streetcars. |
| August Comte | Father of Sociology |
| Positivism | All intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages. People will be able to be able to understand behavior and society could be regulated to benefit all. |
| Charles Darwin | Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest. Wrote "On The Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection." |
| Thomas Huxley | (Darwin's Bulldog) Darwin's biggest supporter. |
| Herbert Spencer | Applied Darwin's ideas to society = Social Darwinism. |
| Sigmund Freud | One of the 3 giants of mid-19th century thought. Founder of psycho-analysis. Hysteria caused by unhappy childhood with sexual repression. Humans are irrational |
| Marie Curie | Discovered first radioactive element, Radium, in 1934 |
| Albert Einstein | Theory of Relativity of space and time. E=mc squared. Relatively challenged absolutes. |
| Realism | Literature and art should depict life as it is. Reaction to failed revolutions of 1848-49 |
| Honore Balzac | Wrote "The Human Comedy" depicts middle class as petty, smug and hypocritical. |
| Emile Zola | Wrote "Germinal," hard life of miners in southern France. Animalistic view of working-class life. |
| George Eliot | (Mary Ann Evans) English writer who examined ways that people are shaped by class, conflicts and moral choices. |
| Thomas Hardy | English writer who wrote "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", which portrayed a woman who is ostracized for premarital sex. |
| Leo Tolstoy | Greatest Russia realist. Had a fatalistic view of history. Love, trust and family = enduring values. Wrote "War and Peace" about Russia during Napoleonic Wars. |
| Henrik Ibsen | Scandinavian writer. Father of modern drama. "A Doll's House." Examines conditions of life and issues of morality. |
| Expressionism | Ultimate of abstract, turns away from nature. Non-figural paintings. Colors used to express emotion, no form. |
| Edouard Manet | Considered first modernist painter. Bridged realism to impressionism. Portrayed shocking nude females. |
| Impressionism | Art movement that began in France. Impact of photography. Painters could not be THAT accurate. Tried to capture overall moment or feeling. Focused on landscape. Paintings were completed quickly, brushstrokes visible. |
| Vincent Van Gough | Post-Impressionist artist. Cut off ear. |
| Cubism | Paintings with zig-zag lines, overlapping planes. |
| Picasso | Spanish, most important artist of 20th century. 1907 founded Cubism. |
| Pan-Slavism | 1870's- Russia's dream of uniting all slavic people under one government. |
| Congress of Berlin | 1878- Bismarck offeres to mediate deal between Russia and Turks. Russia gained very little even though they defeated Turks. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro as independent states, Bulgaria gets automony, England gets Cyprus, nothing for Russia. |
| Dr. David Livingston | First white man to do humanitarian and religious work in South Africa |
| H.M. Stanley | Found Livingston in South Africa. His newspaper reports spurred interest in Africa (King of Belgium and the Congo) |
| White Man's Burden | Racist and patronizing view that preached "superior" Westerners had an obligation to bring culture to "uncivilized" people of the world. |
| The Berlin Conference | 1848-85 Established the rules for Europeans carving up Africa. Sponsered by Bismarck and Jules Ferry. No imperial power could claim territory in Africa unless effectively controled territory. |
| The Belgian Congo | 1879: King Leopold II hired H.M. Stanley to make treaties with African chiefs giving control of the Congo to Leopold. Was his personal playground. Recognized as such in 1884 by Berlin Conference. Quest for rubber and ivory, violent towards natives. |
| Leopold II | Hired H.M. Stanley to make treaties, gave him Belgian Congo. Was his personal playground. |
| Dr. David Livingston | First white man to do humanitarian and religious work in South and Central Africa. He wanted to improve people's health and Christianize them. No one had heard from him and thought him to be dead. H. M. Stanley found him. |
| H. M. Stanley | Found Dr. David Livingston who people thought was dead. His newspaper reports spurred interest in Africa. In 1879 King Leopold II hired him to make treaties with African chiefs in the Belgian Congo, giving control of the Congo to Leopold. |
| "White Man's Burden" | Term coined by Rudyard Kipling. Racist and patronizing view that preached "superior" Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to "uncivilized peoples in other parts of the world. Wanted to protect, improve, uplift, and Christianize those they colonized. A paternalistic but absolutely racist view. |
| Rudyard Kipling | Wrote a poem which coined the term "White Man's Burden." Wanted to protect, improve, uplift, and Christianize those they colonized. |
| Belgian Congo | In 1879 King Leopold II hired H.M. Stanley to make treaties with African chiefs, giving control of the Congo to Leopold. It became his personal playground and was recognized as such in 1884 by the Berlin conference. Was quested for its rubber and ivory. Soldiers of the Belgian army forced the natives to do work and treated them savagely, often cutting off their hands to prove they used ammunition on humans when they were really using the ammunition on wildlife. Twain and author Conan Doyle spoke out. The Belgian Parliament was horrified and took the colony away from the king in 1908 and it became a Belgian colony. |
| Leopold II | Hired H. M. Stanley to make treaties with African chiefs, giving control of the Belgian Congo to him. He used it as his personal playground |
| Berlin Conference 1884 | Sponsored by Bismark and Jules Ferry to prevent European conflict. Germany teamed up with France here to play France and Britain against each other. It coincided with Germany's rise as an imperial power. Resulted in the "Scramble for Africa." Rules that no imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territory and slavery and the slave trade in Africa was terminated (but not really). |
| Battle of Omdurman | At this battle in 1898, General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesmen and killed 11,000 with machine guns. 28 Brits died here. |
| Fashoda Incident | In 1898 when France and Britain nearly lent to war over the Sudan. France backed down, partly because it was in the midst of the Dreyfus Affair. |
| Cecil Rhodes | The Prime Minister of Cape Colony in South Africa. Was the main architect of the Cape to Cairo dream where Britain would dominate the continent. |
| Boer War | Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics. Resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa. |
| Kruger Telegram | In 1902, Kaiser Wilhelm II sent this to the Boers congratulating them on defeating the British without need of German assistance (which they hadn't even asked for). As a result, the British were angry at Germany. Then a massive British force drove the Boers out. |
| Opium Wars | The British, often in ports in China, decided to pay off Chinese workers with opium, which they were quickly hooked on. Resulted in a war from 1839 to 1841 where Britain won. Resulted in the Treaty of Nanking. Then a second war broke out in 1856 and lasted to 1860. China was forced to open 6 more ports to British and French trade. China was forced to accept trade and investments on unfavorable items. |
| Treaty of Nanking | 1842. Result of the First Opium War. Hong Kong was given to the Brits, 4 more treaty ports were opened to the Brits, and British residents in China and their guests were not subject to Chinese law. |
| Sino-Japanese War | Japan gained Tawain as a result of this war in 1894-1895. |
| British East India Company | British Parliament gave them authority to rule in India as they saw fit in 1848. They even had their own army which they made from locals. |
| Sepoy Mutiny | From 1857 to 1858, violent uprising after news of Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army spread to Northern and Central India. Was crushed. |
| Indian National Congress | ????????? |
| Indochina | (Modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos). Became French protectorate in the 1880s-1890s. |
| Boxer Rebellion | in 1900. Was a patriotic rebellion of Chinese nationalists against Western domination. Was defeated by a multi-national force of imperial powers. Manchu Dynasty fell soon after. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a Chinese revolutionist, tried to establish a republic. |
| Russo-Japanese War | From 1904-1905: Due to competition with Russia in Manchuria. The Russian fleet was defeated in 1905. The west was stunned. |
| Das Kapital | Written by Karl Marx in 1867. Said since the bourgeoisie needed to constantly expand markets, quests for profits would lead to conquest. |
| Dr. David Livingston | First white man to do humanitarian and religious work in South and Central Africa. He wanted to improve people's health and Christianize them. No one had heard from him and thought him to be dead. H. M. Stanley found him. |
| H. M. Stanley | Found Dr. David Livingston who people thought was dead. His newspaper reports spurred interest in Africa. In 1879 King Leopold II hired him to make treaties with African chiefs in the Belgian Congo, giving control of the Congo to Leopold. |
| "White Man's Burden" | Term coined by Rudyard Kipling. Racist and patronizing view that preached "superior" Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to "uncivilized peoples in other parts of the world. Wanted to protect, improve, uplift, and Christianize those they colonized. A paternalistic but absolutely racist view. |
| Rudyard Kipling | Wrote a poem which coined the term "White Man's Burden." Wanted to protect, improve, uplift, and Christianize those they colonized. |
| Belgian Congo | In 1879 King Leopold II hired H.M. Stanley to make treaties with African chiefs, giving control of the Congo to Leopold. It became his personal playground and was recognized as such in 1884 by the Berlin conference. Was quested for its rubber and ivory. Soldiers of the Belgian army forced the natives to do work and treated them savagely, often cutting off their hands to prove they used ammunition on humans when they were really using the ammunition on wildlife. Twain and author Conan Doyle spoke out. The Belgian Parliament was horrified and took the colony away from the king in 1908 and it became a Belgian colony. |
| Leopold II | Hired H. M. Stanley to make treaties with African chiefs, giving control of the Belgian Congo to him. He used it as his personal playground |
| Berlin Conference 1884 | Sponsored by Bismark and Jules Ferry to prevent European conflict. Germany teamed up with France here to play France and Britain against each other. It coincided with Germany's rise as an imperial power. Resulted in the "Scramble for Africa." Rules that no imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territory and slavery and the slave trade in Africa was terminated (but not really). |
| Battle of Omdurman | At this battle in 1898, General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesmen and killed 11,000 with machine guns. 28 Brits died here. |
| Fashoda Incident | In 1898 when France and Britain nearly lent to war over the Sudan. France backed down, partly because it was in the midst of the Dreyfus Affair. |
| Cecil Rhodes | The Prime Minister of Cape Colony in South Africa. Was the main architect of the Cape to Cairo dream where Britain would dominate the continent. |
| Boer War | Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics. Resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa. |
| Kruger Telegram | In 1902, Kaiser Wilhelm II sent this to the Boers congratulating them on defeating the British without need of German assistance (which they hadn't even asked for). As a result, the British were angry at Germany. Then a massive British force drove the Boers out. |
| Opium Wars | The British, often in ports in China, decided to pay off Chinese workers with opium, which they were quickly hooked on. Resulted in a war from 1839 to 1841 where Britain won. Resulted in the Treaty of Nanking. Then a second war broke out in 1856 and lasted to 1860. China was forced to open 6 more ports to British and French trade. China was forced to accept trade and investments on unfavorable items. |
| Treaty of Nanking | 1842. Result of the First Opium War. Hong Kong was given to the Brits, 4 more treaty ports were opened to the Brits, and British residents in China and their guests were not subject to Chinese law. |
| Sino-Japanese War | Japan gained Tawain as a result of this war in 1894-1895. |
| British East India Company | British Parliament gave them authority to rule in India as they saw fit in 1848. They even had their own army which they made from locals. |
| Sepoy Mutiny | From 1857 to 1858, violent uprising after news of Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army spread to Northern and Central India. Was crushed. |
| Indian National Congress | ????????? |
| Indochina | (Modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos). Became French protectorate in the 1880s-1890s. |
| Boxer Rebellion | in 1900. Was a patriotic rebellion of Chinese nationalists against Western domination. Was defeated by a multi-national force of imperial powers. Manchu Dynasty fell soon after. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a Chinese revolutionist, tried to establish a republic. |
| Russo-Japanese War | From 1904-1905: Due to competition with Russia in Manchuria. The Russian fleet was defeated in 1905. The west was stunned. |
| Das Kapital | Written by Karl Marx in 1867. Said since the bourgeoisie needed to constantly expand markets, quests for profits would lead to conquest. |
| conservatism | appealed to the upper classes and peasants who were frightened by the violence and terror of the French Revolution; Bourgeoisie posed biggest threat to conservatism; Metternich a big fan |
| Carlsbad Diet 1819 | called by Metternich in 1819; established the Carlsbad Decrees, said that materials that advocated unification were censored; liberals and nationalists in universities were driven underground |
| liberalism | the first major theory in western thought that saw the individual as a self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well-being were the sole reasons for the existence of society |
| utilitarianism | Jeremy Bentham; the utility (worth or value) of any law or institution should be based on whether it provided "the greatest good for the greatest number" |
| On Liberty | written by John Stuart Mill in 1859; argued for absolute freedom of opinion to be protected from both censorship and from the tyranny of the majority |
| nationalism | goal of cultural unity to self-government; unity and common loyalites were caused by common language, history, and tradition; supported by liberals and democrats |
| Eastern Question | who would fill the void when the Ottomans (the sick old man of Europe) finally lost European territory? |
| Greek Revolution | 1821-1829; England, France and Russia joined the Greeks against Egyptian and Ottoman forces (religion) |
| Treaty of Adrianople 1829 | Greek autonomy recognized after Russians defeated the Ottomans |
| Louis Philippe | the Bourgeoisie King; led the constitutional monarchy (Orleans family) |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | led the secret revolutionary society Young Italy; established Roman republic |
| Young Italy | secret revolutionary society |
| Earl Grey | was a Whig; prime minister of England in 1830 |
| Whigs | had big support from middle class; doubled franchise from 6% to 12%; emilinated rotten boroughs; electoral reform |
| Revolutions of 1848 | influenced by nationalism, liberalism, romanticism, and economic dislocation and stability; neither conservatives or liberals gained final upper hand; resulted with end of serfdom in Austria and Germany, universal male suffrage in France, parilaments set in German States, encouraged unification movement in Italy |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | suppored Mazzini and his forces (Red Shirts) in 1848 |
| Louis Kossuth | Maygar leader; demanded independence |
| Frankfort Parliament | 1848; liverals, nationalists, romantic leaders called for elections to a constituent assembly from all the states in the Bund in order to unify the German states |
| Frederick William IV | selected as Prussian king by Frankfort Parliament as emperor of united German states |
| Humiliation of Olmutz | Prussia forced to drop plan to unify German states under Prussian control and left Austria as the dominant state in the Bund; conflict later |
| romanticism | a reaction against rationalism; emphasis on human emotion, senses, passion, faith; rejected enlightenments view of nature as a precise harmonious whole; rejected deism and encouraged personal freedom |
| F. Hegel | German idealist; the Dialectic, synthesis a hybrid of thesis and antithesis |
| Dialectic | thesis, initial idea; antithesis, opposing view; synthesis clash of above, a hybrid of the two ideas |
| William Wordsworth | wrote Tinturn Abby |
| Samuel T. Coleridge | wrote Rime of the Ancient Mariner |
| Lord Byron | Don Juan, She Walks in Beauty; fought in Italy against Austria for the Carbonari and died fighting in war for Greek independence |
| Percy Shelley | Prometheus Unbound; tells the story of a revolt of humans against an oppressive society |
| Goethe | German romantic; wrote Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther; seemed to criticize the excesses of romantisism; Faust sold his sould to the devil in exchange for experiencing his all human experience |
| G. Wilhelm | wrote Grimm's Fairy Tales, a collection of German folk tales; shows how German nationalism and romanticism were tied together |
| Victor Hugo | wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables; romanticism was shown through strange settings, human emotion, and fantastic characters |
| Delacroix | most famous French romantic painter; dramatic use of color; Liberty Leading the People was most famous work that depicts French Revolution of 1830; Massacre at Chios |
| Beethoven | the bridge between classical and romantic music; one of first composers to communicate inner human emotion through music; later wrote when deaf; first to incorporate vocals into a symphony Ode to Joy |
| Chopin | showcased Polish folk songs and dances |
| Franz Liszt | showcased native Hungarian music; Hungarian Rhapsody; greatest piano virtuoso of mid to late 19th C; developed the symphonic poem |
| Anton Dvorak | folk music of Bohemia |
| Giuseppi Verdi | greatest Italian opera composer |
| Richard Wagner | greatest German opear composer; German myths and legeds; considered one of two of the greatest opera composers of 19th C |
| socialism | desire for a new sense of community and cooperationl increasing misery of the working class bothered liberal thinkers; broad support for social justice |
| Charles Fourier | early French socialist; argued for a planned economy and socialistic communities; described socialist utopia in mathematical detail |
| Karl Marx | developed scientific socialism (Marxism); The Communist Manifesto |
| Dialectical Materialism | a classless society will emerge as capitalism is dismantled; the new order: "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs"; socialism will have huge impact |
| Fredrich Engels | developed scientific socialism with Karl Marx |
| Communist Manifesto | written by Karl Marx; the bible of socialism |
| Tories | defeated Napolean and were still in control during conservatism in England |
| Iron Law of Wages | created by Ricardo, dismal science of liberalism in economics |
| Anti-Corn Law League | led by Richard Cobden and John Bright; argued for lower food prices; partial reaction to the Irish potatoe famine |
| Second French Republic | led by Lamartine (a liberal allied with Bourgeoisie); came after February revolution in France |
| Sturm and Drang | storm and stress; used by German romantics to communicate emotional intensity |
| Corn Laws 1815 | still in effect at this point |
| December Uprising 1825 | junior military officers who wanted a constitutional government tried to prevent Nicholas from taking power |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. |
| Napoleonic Code | This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy |
| Concordat of 1801 | This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power |
| Treaty of Luneville | 1801, Austria accepts loss of almost all Italian possessions and their Germany territory on the west bank of the Rhine |
| Battle of Trafalgar | an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson. |
| Elba | This island in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy where Napoleon was initially exiled after he abdicated the throne for the first time. He promised to never leave, but does so and regains power in France for a short period called the Hundred Days |
| Lord Horatio Nelson | British admiral who led Britain to many important victories over the French. He crushed the French in Egypt at Abukir and destroyed French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar, where he died in battle. |
| Battle of Austerlitz | This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France. Considered Napoleon's greatest victory. |
| Arc de Triomphe | Monument commemorating Napoleon's victories; built in 1836 and reminded people of Napoleon's legacy, allowing LP Bonaparte to get elected. |
| Treaty of Tilsit | (1807) Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces. Napoleon invades Russia in 1812, ending the treaty |
| Confederation of the Rhine | League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia. |
| Continental System | Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe. |
| Berlin Decree | 1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control. |
| Milan Decree | in 1807 which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France. |
| Order in Council | British declaration that prohibited neutral vessels from trading with the French |
| Peninsular War | This war was the beginning of the end of Napoleon's Grand Empire after the Spanish rebelled against France for its independence |
| Battle of Borodino | the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era, fought in Borodino outside of Moscow; both sides had terrible losses, but the Russian army was not defeated; Napoleon gained nothing substantial and when Moscow was burned, the French forces were left completely cut off. Napoleon regarded this battle as a loss. |
| War of the fourth Coalition | Against Napoleon's French Empire. Defeated in a war spanning 1806-1807. Coalition partners included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. |
| Battle of Leipzig | also known as the Battle of the Nations, is Prussia, Austria, and Russia coming together to push Napoleon back into France. Once they enter Paris, Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba and Louis XVIII is restored to the throne. |
| Frankfurt Proposals | proposal to reduce France to its historical size in return for Napoleon's throne |
| Quadruple Alliance | This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era |
| Louis XVIII | French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated. |
| Charter of 1814 | Passed by Louis XVIII, it recognized equality before the law, accepted the Napoleanic Code, granted freedom of the press and established The Chamber of Deputies and The Chamber of Peers. |
| Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Conservative, led by Metternich |
| Duke of Wellington | leader of the combined British and Prussian army; would defeat Napoleon at Waterloo |
| German Confederation | consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action. |
| Battle of Waterloo | This was the final battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler |
| Alexander I | This czar of Russia wanted to restore the kingdom of Poland, which he wanted to bestow the benefits of his rule. Holy Alliance. |
| Concert of Europe | a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions |
| Holy Alliance | This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution. Alexander I, not taken seriously by anyone. |
| Danton | French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794) |
| Age of Rousseau | second phase of the French Revolution-Republic, execution of Louis, Committee of Public Safety, Regin of Terror, Termidorian Rebellion, Directory |
| Robespierre | The main leader of The Mountain and the man who ruled France after the First Revolution |
| Louis Saint-Just | Revolutionary who wanted to execute the King without trial. A proponent of mob rule. Led to committee of public safety. Put 850,00 men under arms. Muzzled the press. At least 20,000 people were killed. |
| Vendee | Counter revolution led by conservative forces (nobles, clergy, and the peasantry). |
| The Directory | National Convention drafted a new Constitution which called for a 2 house legislature and an executive body of 5 men, known as...? |
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