History (Industrial Revolution)
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Created by:
nluo on February 13, 2011
Classes:
11th Grade ISS (Class of 2014)
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98 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Edmund Cartwright | invented the power loom, which became widely used by the 1790's and put many weavers out of work |
| James Hargreaves | in response to a contest from the British government to invent a faster spinning machine, invented the spinning jenny, which could spend several threads at once |
| Manchester | became a large cotton textile industry city; example of how the cotton industry stimulated the growth of industrial cities |
| Richard Arkwright | invented the water frame at about the same time that Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny; the water frame could spin many threads at once, but was too large and expensive for a single family to own and created a need for factories |
| Samuel Crompton | invented a machine called a mule (because it was halfway between a water frame and a spinning jenny) that could spin many threads at once without the need for further refinement; created a greater need for factories and also a high demand for weavers |
| coke | a form of coal that was more effective at refining iron |
| Darby | invented process of turning coal into coke, which he kept to himself, which allowed him to produce better iron at a cheaper cost than his competitors |
| George Stephenson | adapted the rails used by mine carts to built the first effective locomotive, the Rocket |
| James Watt | noticed that the ineffectiveness of Newcomen's steam engine could be reduced by adding a separate condenser; was a fundamental advance in technology and allowed for almost unlimited power |
| John Wilkinson | built an empire in the iron industry; developed a technique for boring canon which was adapted for making better steam engine parts |
| the Rocket | the first important locomotive, built by Stephenson, which traveled from Liverpool (a port city) to Manchester (a cotton textile city); moved only at 16 mph, but captured the popular imagination (as seen in Turner's paintings) and dramatically reduced the cost of shipping freight over land |
| Thomas Newcomen | invented one of the first steam engines, which was rather ineffective, and therefore could only be used to power pumps to pump water from mines |
| Thomas Savery | invented one of the first steam engines, which was rather ineffective, and therefore could only be used to power pumps to pump water from mines |
| David Ricardo's iron law of wages | posited that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level |
| Great Exhibition | an industrial fair, held in the Crystal Palace, which was made entirely of glass and iron; people who visited recognized Britain as the "workshop of the world" |
| Thomas Malthus | wrote Essay on the Principle of Population, which argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply |
| Credit Mobilier | the most famous corporate bank, established in Paris by Jewish journalists Isaac and Emile Pereire; advertised extensively and used savings of thousands of small investors as well as the resources of big ones; built railroads all over France and Europe |
| Friedrich List | thought that promoting industry was equivalent to defending the nation; focused on pratical policies like railroad building and the tariff; also supported the formation of a customs union, the Zollverein |
| Fritz Harkort | impressed by the English industrialization when he fought there during the Napoleonic wars; concluded that Germany needed to be industrialized too; set up a steam engine factory, but his enterprise was difficult, since he had to import expensive materials and hire expensive English mechanics; business eventually went bankrupt; career demonstrates business leaders' efforts to duplicate British feats as well as the difficulty of the task |
| John Cockerill | the most famous son of William Cockerill; purchased a castle in Liege and converted it into a factory; hired many skilled British workers, who sometimes went on to found their own companies, which helped to spread industrialization |
| tariff protection | high tariffs placed on cheap foreign goods to protect domestic economy; used in France after the end of the Napoleonic Wars when cheap British goods flooded the country; an example of how government helped the spread of industrialization by easing the financial difficulties of business people |
| William Cockerill | Lancastershire carpenter; along with his sons, began building cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium, beginning the process of industrialization there |
| Zollverein | a customs union, formed in Germany, encouraged by List; allowed goods to be moved between members states without tariffs, while placing a high protective tariff against other nations; allowed infant industries in Germany to develop without outside competition |
| limited liability | pioneered by Belgian banks, where stockholders were only at risk of losing what they had invested and nothing more; attracted many investors |
| Edwin Chadwick | a utilitarian and a career bureaucrat; used statistics as a base for his studies; studied real wages (how much one is paid vs. inflation and how much one is able to buy) and concluded that the Industrial Revolution was improving the conditions of the working class |
| Friedrich Engels | a young, middle-class German; one of the first Communists; wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England, a blistering indictment of the middle class; an example of people opposed to the Industrial Revolution |
| Luddites | smashed new machines because they believed they were putting them out of work |
| William Blake | a romantic poet who condemned early factories and protested against the hard life of the poor; an example of romantics who were opposed to the Industrial Revolution |
| William Wordsworth | a romantic poet who lamented the destruction of the rural way of life, especially pollution; an example of romantics who were opposed to the Industrial Revolution |
| Evangelicals | believed salvations was open to everybody; wanted everybody to take advantage of that opportunity; thought that if the conditions are making it different, then the conditions need to be changed; thought industrialization was decreasing opportunities of working class for salvation because they had stopped going to church; pushed through a lot of legislation because they were influential in Parliament because they genuinely cared |
| Factory Act of 1833 | limited factory workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours and the workday for 14-18-year-olds to 12 hours; broke pattern of entire families working together and also limited adult hours indirectly; unlike earlier legislation, also provided for the enforcement of the new law by establishing 7 inspectors; also set the precedent for later inspectors |
| Jedediah Strutt | believed children should be at least 10 to work in mills, but employed 7-year-olds to please their parents; showed the growing trend of family units working in factories |
| Jeremy Bentham | a Utilitarian; developed the pleasure-plain principle, which evaluated the greatest good for the greatest number of people; created tables to evaluated how much pleasure and pain certain things produced |
| Utilitarians | children of the Enlightenment; considered usefulness of things and evaluated them; led by Jeremy Bentham |
| Robert Owen | a Scottish manufacturer; felt that employing children under 10 was injurious (though most employers would argue that they needed the long hours to stay in business); built housing for his workers and was still able to succeed because so many people wanted to work for him and he was able to pick and choose the best workers, who were willing to adhere to his strict regulations in order to receive the benefits from working for him; gained a reputation as a reformer who was making a profit |
| Amalgamated Society of Engineers | represented skilled machinists; bargained for better pay and better working conditions; became a respectable force |
| Chartism | a movement that developed after Parliament passed the First Reform Act, which gave the vote to the middle class, but not to workers; put together a list of 6 demands, a people's charter: 1) the vote, 2) secret ballots, 3) annual Parliament elections, 4) no property qualifications for getting elected to Parliament, 5) pay for members of Parliament, 6) ???; was presented to and rejected by Parliament 3 times, but eventually most of the demands were met |
| Combination Acts | passed in 1799; outlawed unions and strikes; was influenced by the French Revolutions; led to the disappearance of unions, but they didn't disband completely |
| Grand National Consolidated Trades Union | organized by Robert Owen in the late 1820's, but the authorities were determined to crush it, and it collapsed in 1834 |
| Alexander I | ruler of Russia; representative for Russia at the Congress of Vienna; wanted to restore Poland with himself as the ruler, which was opposed by other countries (Britain, Austria, and France) because it would upset the balance of power |
| Castlereagh | : prime minister of Britain; British representative for Britain at the Congress of Vienna; made alliance with Metternich and Talleyrand to prevent Russia and Prussia from upsetting the balance of power |
| Congress of Vienna | held to fashion a general peace settlement; representatives present from Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia; the challenge was to create a settlement that would last; made Europe peaceful and stable fro a century |
| Metternich | first minister of Austria; Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna; established the Quadruple Alliance to maintain the peace settlement created during the Congress of Vienna; strong advocate of conservatism |
| Prince Hardenburg | Prussia representative at Congress of Vienna; agreed with Alexander taking Poland if Prussia could have Saxony |
| Principle of Legitimacy | during the Congress of Vienna, was used as a basis for who would rule each country; stated that the legitimate ruler of each place was the person who had been ruling in 1789 of the next in line by birth to that person |
| Quadruple Alliance | established by Metternich to maintain the peace settlement created during the Congress of Vienna; major powers of Europe agreed to meet periodically |
| Second Treaty of Paris | after Napoleon escaped from Elba; rerestored Louis XVIII as king; France lost some territory; had to pay 700 million francs and support a large army for 5 years |
| Talleyrand | made secret alliance against Russia and Prussia with Castlereagh and Metternich to prevent upsetting the balance of power |
| Carlsbad Decrees | required its 38 German member states to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers; provided for press censorship; an example of the kind of repression that Metternich pursued |
| conservatism | an ideology that rested on tradition; advocates like Burke and Metternich believed tradition was of extreme importance; society and developed on its own in a certain way because that was the way that worked, so people should make changes and improvements, but not try to uproot it completely (analogy to a tree) |
| Edmund Burke | wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France; was a supporter of the American Revolution and an opponent of the French Revolution because the Americans were fighting for the "traditional rights of Englishmen" and the French broke tradition; argued that the Enlightenment was a waste of time because one person's experience cannot be comparable to the collective experiences of the ages; predicted the Reign of Terror by stating that if there isn't any traditional support for the government in use, then it has to tyrannize in order to rule |
| Holy Alliance | suggested by Alexander; supposed to be an organization of good Christian people to put down un-Christian ideas; every country in Europe joined, with the exceptions of the Ottomans (who weren't invited), the pope, and Britain; did nothing, but was a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe |
| Charles Fourir | wanted to split the world into units of 1,620 because he thought it was the exact amount of people need for work; everything produced should be divided equally among the people and people should be compensated for the work that they do and each job is equally useful to society; was an advocate of free love |
| Count Henri de Saint-Simon | thought people running nations should be the people who understood making wealth, requiring "parasites" (court, aristocracy, lawyers, clergy) to give ways to the "doers" (scientists, engineers, industrialists); wanted to rationalize economy; opposed to marriage and thought of it as exploitation, supported free love |
| Louis Blanc | wrote Organization of Work; urge workers to agitate for universal voting rights; believed government should set up workshops/factories to guarantee full employment, which would put private workshops out of business and workers would be in charge; later represented the workers in the First French Republic and succeeded in establishing national workshops, but was kicked out of the government, one of the events which sparked the June Days |
| Pierre Joseph Proudhon | wrote What is Property? and concluded that it was just theft, profit stolen from the worker; his Labor Theory of Value stated that the value of anything is the value of the work that went into making it |
| Georg Hegel | was an idealist because he thought that ideas really matter; a philosopher and a nationalist who developed the idea of a dialectic, that history moves as a struggle between opposites; had a heavy influence on Marx |
| Karl Marx | wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels; saw history as a history of class struggle, which would culminate in a classless society (dialectical materialism) |
| liberalism | ideology which rested in the ideas of liberty and equality; demanded representative government, equality before the law; supported by business groups; opposed to labor unions because they wanted individualism |
| nationalism | ideology with immediate origins in French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars; argued that each nationality had its own genius and cultural unity; believed every nationality should have its own country; very idealistic; implications included implied rivalries among countries; could have been both unifying and fragmenting if it had caught on |
| radicals | a branch of liberalism which supported universal manhood suffrage; example of how liberalism had many different levels |
| Berlioz | composed the Symphonie Fantastique; gave it a story in order to create a dramatic framework for his music; was commission to compose a Requiem mass to commemorate the Revolution of 1830; used a large choir and orchestra and achieved a more grandiose effect by dividing the choir up and spreading it around |
| Chopin | Polish, but lived in France; wanted to create an expressivity in music; exploited rich possibilities of the piano; especially experimental in chords, had an unresolved quality that creates a floating feeling; wrote a lot of Polish folk music, like mazurkas; lover of George Sand; close friends with Delacroix |
| Constable | like Wordsworth, depicted nature; surfaces of his paintings have unfinished look with textured brushstrokes |
| Delacroix | used popular revolts and eventually full-scale revolution as subjects for his paintings; painted Liberty Leading the People, which has a sky that is stormy, smoky, lit by flashes of gunfire (typical Romantic sky); after accompanying a mission to Africa, his paintings became more peaceful, but he soon switched back to emphasizing movement |
| Gericault | painted The Raft of the Medusa, depicting an event that actually occurred; did extensive research to produce the painting which shocked many people when displayed in public; also painted horses, which have an excitement and energy that embodied movement |
| Goya | a very successful artist; at first his paintings were lively, but after suffering from an illness which made him deaf, they became more dark and austere; had a series of etchings, depicting fantastic and grotesque figures that symbolized irrationality |
| Liszt | a virtuoso pianist; had the best technique and creativity; central figure in nineteenth-century music |
| Mendelssohn | composed the Midsummer Night's Dream Overture, which had a lighter feel than a lot of other Romantic music; moved to Leipzig to conduct |
| Schumann | driving force of the New Journal of Music; was a master of the character piece; Pieces from Childhood were his most popular character pieces; had a much different mood in his fantasy pieces |
| Turner | favorite subjects were products of industrialization, like steamboats and stem engines; captured action, excitement of scenes; paintings were vibrant and full of color; objects not defined by shadow, but by color |
| Wagner | wanted to write plays, but his dramatic ideas could only be expressed through music; wrote the words for his operas; one of his ideal subjects was the stormy sea; wrote Tristan and Isolde; also wrote The Ring of the Nibelungen, which seemed like it would never be produced, but he gained support from the prince of Bavaria and was able to construct a theater for himself and organize a yearly festival |
| Alexander Ypsilanti | Greek patriot and Russian general; a leader of revolts in Greece in the early 19th century |
| Decemberist revolts | after death of Alexander, the tsar should have been his oldest son Constantine, but he wanted his brother Nicolas to rule, but Nicolas thought Constantine would make a better ruler; liberals rallied around Constantine instead of the conservative Nicolas; Nicolas was declared tsar and when he saw liberals marching in favor of his brother, he brought in the army, which resulted in many of them being killed or sent to Siberia; Nicolas became a very repressive ruler and at one point, it was illegal to even talk about liberal ideas |
| Anti-Corn Law League | founded in Manchester in 1839; argued that lower food prices and more jobs depended on the repeal of the Corn Laws; demonstrated working-class discontent with the landed elites using Parliament to benefit themselves |
| Corn Laws | regulated foreign grain trade; was basically a tariff passed by landed elites to keep grain prices artificially high; factory owners were hurt the most, and they saw the landed elites using Parliament to benefit themselves as something that needed to be stopped |
| Peterloo Massacre (Battle of Peterloo) | name refers to Waterloo; occurred when a large protest took place in St Peter's Square in Manchester; protest was savagely broken up by armed cavalry; demonstrated the government's determination to repress radical change |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | set up a standard property qualification for voting; significant because it set the stage for other changes; working class people did not benefit from it, which led to the Chartist movement |
| Robert Peel | a Tory who at one point served as prime minister; after the Great Famine, wanted to avoid the same sort of catastrophe in England and repealed the Corn Laws; was supported by the Whigs and very few members of his own party, which split the Tories and allowed the Whigs to gain more power |
| Six Acts | outlawed all mass meetings; were passed after the Peterloo Massacre, and was an example of the government's determination to repress radical change |
| Ten Hours Act 1874 | passed by Tories in reaction to the repeal of the Corn Laws by Peel; limited workday to 10 hours |
| The Great Famine | when potato blight swept through Ireland, and the effect on the food supply created starvation and mass fever epidemics; over 1.5 million dead or unborn; English couldn't really help, even though they were willing to, but the Irish blamed them and it intensified anti-British feeling in Ireland |
| Revolution of 1830 | an insurrection in Paris following Charles X's repudiation of the Constitutional Charter, where he was replaced by his cousin Louis Philippe; sparked other revolts across Europe, including ones in Belgium and Poland |
| Charles X | successor of Louis XVIII; wanted to reestablish the old order; wanted to become popular first by winning a war, and sent the army to Algiers to fight the Ottomans; after taking the capital, he repudiated the Constitutional Charter, which was an unpopular move and led to the Revolution of 1830 |
| Constitutional Charter of 1814 | basically a liberal constitution; created a constitutional monarchy; basis for the vote was wealth, not land; wasn't democratic, but lessened the power of the aristocracy |
| Louis XVIII | placed on the throne as a result of the Congress of Vienna; passed the Constitutional Charter of 1814 |
| Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans | replaced Charles X during the Revolution of 1830; accepted the Constitutional Charter, but the workers still didn't get the vote, and France still remained fundamentally the same; abdicated when revolts broke out in 1848 |
| Albert | along with Louis Blanc, represented the workers in the First French Republic; wanted to establish national workshops, which they did, but later was dropped from the government, one of the events that sparked the June Days |
| June Days | 3 days in June 1848 when revolts suppressed by the army resulted in over 10,000 casualties; caused by the government ejecting Louis Blanc and Albert and dissolving the national workshops in Paris; left a bitterness between Paris and the countryside, and moderates and radicals |
| Ferdinand I | the emperor; somewhat like Winnie the Pooh; when told by Metternich that there was revolt in Vienna, responded that he wanted noodles; eventually concluded that he was giving up everything; capitulated and promised reform; abolished serfdom (which was a benefit for him, since the army was then on his side) |
| Francis Joseph | the son of archduchess Sophia; crowned December 1848; became a symbol of unity |
| Louis Kossuth | Hungarian leader who demanded autonomy for the Hungarians; wanted universal manhood suffrage and full civil liberties for all Hungarians, leading to other nationalities within the Austrian empire making similar demands; monarchy was able to use these opposing groups to play off of one another |
| Nicolas I | tsar of Russia and cause of the Decemberist revolts; sent in troops to Hungary when Austria could not bring it under control; conquered it and then turned it over to Austria so as not to upset the balance of power; did not need to worry about revolt in his own country because of his repressive rule |
| Sophia | an archduchess, the sister-in-law of Ferdinand; the leader needed to take charge of the situation in Austria (different groups demanding autonomy for their own nationalities); dedicated to absolutism and divine-right monarchy; insisted that Ferdinand abdicate in favor of her son Francis Joseph |
| Frankfurt Assembly | gathering of professors, lawyers, doctors, who went to Frankfurt to draw up a constitution for a unified Germany, but had not been elected, had just shown up; decided not to include Austria in this unified Germany, but were distracted with what to do with Schleswig-Holstein; after completing the constitution, offered rule to Frederick IV, but he turned it down, and they disbanded |
| Frederick VII | ruler of both Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein; wanted to annex it into Denmark, but it was opposed by the Frankfurt Assembly because those areas were German; Assembly had no army to oppose him, so they had to ask Prussia for support, which was an indication to everybody that the Assembly actually had virtually no power |
| Frederick William IV | an intelligent person, but often quite emotional; caved in to protests in Berlin; promised to grant a liberal constitution (which he did) and allow for a unified German state; after the completion of the Frankfurt Assembly's constitution, was offered rule of Germany, but would not accept a "crown from the gutter;" tried to get control of Germany by asking the princes to accept his rule, leading to a diplomatic showdown at Olmütz |
| Olmutz | site of a diplomatic showdown after Frederick William IV's efforts to gain control of Germany were met with discontent in Austria; Austria won out because they had an ally, Russia; German Confederation was reestablished and things went back to the way they were before |
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