1.
Alexander Fleming: 1928: ----- discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
2.
Algae: Type of microorganism: Eukaryotes, Cellulose cell walls, Use photosynthesis for energy, Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
3.
antibiotic resistence: the evolution of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill
4.
Antibiotics: chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
5.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: 
1673-1723, ------------ described live microorganisms (called "animalcules") that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
6.
Archaea: type of microorganism: Prokaryotic, Lack peptidoglycan, Live in extreme environments such as:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles (high salt)
Extreme thermophiles (high temperature)
7.
Bacteria: type of microorganism:Prokaryotes, Peptidoglycan cell walls, Relatively simple, single-celled organisms. For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
8.
Bacteriology: the study of bacteria.
9.
biogenesis: The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life
10.
biological pesticides: Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission. Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans, and to plants.
11.
bioremediation: Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage. Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury.
12.
biotechnology/genetic engineering: Biotechnology, the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old. Genetic engineering is a new technique for biotechnology. Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes. Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy. Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing.
13.
chemotherapy: Treatment of disease with chemicals
14.
Edward Jenner: 1796: ----- inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox. Called vaccination from vacca for cow. The protection is called immunity
15.
Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID): New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence.
ex.
1)West Nile encephalitis, West Nile Virus, First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937., Appeared in New York City in 1999.
2)Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or "Mad Cow Disease", Caused by infectious protein called Prion
Also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in Humans.
3)Escherichia coli O157:H7, Toxin-producing strain of E. coli
First seen in 1982., Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide.
1996 in Japan- 9,000 ill and 7 died.
4)Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
First identified in 1981.
Worldwide epidemic infecting 44 million people; 14,000 new infections everyday.
Sexually transmitted disease affecting males and females.
In the U.S., HIV/AIDS cases: 30% are female and 75% are African American.
16.
Francisco Redi: 1668: ------ filled six jars with decaying meat. Open jars with meat=maggots and flies, closed jars with decaying meat=no maggots. Opponent of S.G.- demonstrated that maggots do NOT arise spontaneously from decaying meat.
17.
Fungi: type of microorganism: Eukaryotes-(membrane-bound nucleus), Chitin cell walls, Use organic chemicals for energy
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular
18.
Germ Theory of Disease: simply states that microorganisms may cause disease.
Examples:
1835: Agostino Bassi showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.
1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever (or childbirth fever) from one OB patient to another.
1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur's work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
19.
Immunology: the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases.
20.
John Needham: 1745: ----- put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks. Broth was boiled, then poured into a new flask, then sealed. There was microbial growth. This was seen as evidence of spontaneous generation.
21.
Koch's postulates: used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
22.
Lazzaro Spallanzani: 1765: ----- boiled nutrient solutions in flasks. Broth was placed in a flask, then heated, then sealed. There was no microbial growth. Evidence against Spontaneous Generation
(critics say not enough O2 to support life)
23.
Linnaeus: established the system of scientific nomenclature (Binomial system). Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet.
24.
Louis Pasteur: 
disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by retrying his flask experiment using s-shaped flasks to allow oxygen to enter but not microbes. He later discovered that microbes are responsible for fermentation as well as food spoilage.
25.
Louis Pasteur: 1861: ----demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. broth put in two flasks, both heated, only one was sealed. The sealed flask had no growth while the open one grew microbes. The lack of O2 argument persisted.
26.
Mycology: the study of fungi. Fungal infection rates are rising-- 10% of hospital-acquired infections.
27.
normal microbiota: Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called ------. These microbes are NOT harmful and in some cases are beneficial. They prevent growth of pathogens as well as produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.
28.
Parasitology: the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.
29.
Pasteurization: a high heat for a short time is called ----. Heating just enough to kill most of the bacteria that cause spoilage
30.
pathogenic: disease causing
31.
Protozoa: type of microorganism: Eukaryotes, Unicellular, Absorb or ingest organic chemicals, May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
32.
Resistance: is the ability of the body to ward off disease. Factors include skin, stomach acid, mucous membranes, and antimicrobial chemicals.
33.
Robert Hooke: In 1665, -------- reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells. This was the Beginning of Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.
34.
Robert Koch: 1876:---- provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps,
35.
Rudolf Virchow: 1858: -----formally introduced the Theory of Biogenesis.
36.
spontaneous generation: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. According to this hypothesis, a "vital force' forms life.
37.
Synthetic Drugs: drugs prepared from chemicals in the laboratory.
1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
38.
Virology: the study of viruses.
39.
Viruses: type of microorganism: Acellular, Not Prokaryotes Or Eukaryotes, Consist of DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat, Not considered living organism. Are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
