| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Zollverein | A customs system that caused/encouraged rapid economic development while it strengthened role of Prussia as largest German State |
| Nationalism | the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals |
| Confederation of the Rhine | A federation of German states organized under Napoleon I in July 1806. Formerly under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, which was dissolved the same year, the new federation placed itself under the "protection" of Napoleon and was governed by one of his close allies. It quickly fell apart after Napoleon's defeat outside Leipzig in 1813 as member states abandonded the French and joined the German natinalist "war of liberation." |
| Otto von Bismarck | German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898) |
| Liberalism | an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard |
| Conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes |
| Socialism | an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the publicand operate for the welfare of all. |
| Rotten Boroughs | a parliamentary constituency that had a very small population |
| Reform Act of 1832 | Increased suffrage; eliminated rotten and pocket boroughs |
| Benjamin Disraeli | Led the Conservative party of Britain in the 1860s and 1870s. He strongly supported the extension of British colonies and had Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India. |
| William Gladstone | liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898) |
| Concert of Europe | Loose series of European alliances where nations would help one another if a revolution broke out. It didn't stop revoltuions from occurring, but it did stop many nations from fighting each other. |
| Utopian Socialists | persons who believe that people can live at peace with each other if they live in small cooperative settlements, owning all of the means of production in common and sharing the products |
| Friedrich Engels | socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895) |
| The Communist Manifesto | Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and became the basis of Socialism. |
| Karl Marx | founder of modern communism co write The Communist Manifesto |
| Communism | Government owns all properties, everyone is equal in class and standpoint |
| Realpolitik | refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions |
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