A&P 2, Chapters 9 & 10
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Created by:
hunterjumper00 on February 14, 2011
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105 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 endocrine system | Considered the second great control system of the body, "slow" acting. |
| hormones | The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called _________, which are released in the blood and transferred throughout the body. |
| hormones | Chemical substancesthat are secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate metabolic activity of other cells in the body. |
| amino acid | Proteins, peptides, and amines are _____-_____ based hormones. |
| steroid | ______ hormones, (made from cholesterol) include sex hormones, and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. |
| prostaglandins | __________ are made from highly active lipids, released from nearly all cell membranes. |
| target cells | A given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs, referred to as its ______-______ or target-organs. |
| receptors | For target cells to respond to a hormone, specific protein ______ must be present on its plasma membrane (or in the interior). |
| diffuse | Beign lipid soluable molecules, steroid hormones can ______ through plasma membranes. |
| nucleus | Once inside the cell, the steroid hormone enters the _______. |
| parathyoid hormone | What hormone causes calcium to be released into the blood? |
| calcitonin | What hormone causes a decrease in blood calcium? |
| growth hormone | This hormones major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles, and long bones of the body. It plays an important role in final body size. |
| gonadotropic | The __________ hormones regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries/testes). |
| follicle stimulating | ________-_________ hormone stimulates follicle development in the ovaries. |
| luteinizing | _________ hormone triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary, and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen. |
| luteinizing | _________ hormone triggers testosterone production by the interstitial cells of the testes in men. |
| testosterone | Causes the growth of facial hair, development of heavy bones and muscles, and lowering of the voice. |
| pancreatic islets | What endocrine glands produce insulin? |
| beta cells | What specific cells in the pancreatic islets release insulin? |
| glucagon | What hormone does insulin work against? |
| growth hormone | What anterior pituitary hormone affects bones and muscles? |
| prolactin | What anterior pituitary hormone affects the mammary glands? |
| thyrotropic hormone | What anterior pituitary hormone affects the thyroid? |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | What anterior pituitary hormone affects the adrenal cortex? |
| 6 | How many anterior pituitary hormones are there? |
| polyuria | This symptom of diabetes means excessive urination. |
| polydipsia | This symptom of diabetes means excessive thirst. |
| polyphagia | This symptom of diabetes means hunger. |
| melatonin | What hormone affects the wake/sleep cycles? |
| Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil | What are the formed elements in the blood, from greatest to least? |
| polycythemia | An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes is called _______. |
| AB | What blood group is the universal recepient? |
| O | What blood group is the universal donor? |
| O | What type of blood can a person with an O-type receive? |
| 3 to 6 minutes | Blood clotting normally takes __________. |
| erythropoieitin | The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called ___________. |
| eosinophils | What WBC fights parasitic worms? |
| antigen | This substance stimulates the body to release antibodies. |
| granulocytes | Granule-containing WBCs. Granules in their cytoplasm stain specifically with wrights stain. |
| neutrophils eosinopjils basophils | Which WBCs are granulocytes? |
| lymphocytes monocytes | Which WBCs are agranulocytes? |
| agranulocytes | Which WBCs lack visible cytoplasmic granules? |
| pernicious anemia | What type of anemia is due to a lack of vitamin B12? |
| hemphilia | What bleeding disorder is the inability to clot? |
| 7.35-7.45 | What is the pH range of blood? |
| negative | What feedback mechanism regulates hormones? |
| embolus | What is a freely floating clot called? |
| thrombus | A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a ________. |
| hemocytoblast | All the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell called a ___________. |
| stimulus | Hormone secretion is triggered by some internal or external __________. |
| hormonal humoral neural | The stimuli that activate the enocrine organs fall into what 3 major categories? |
| hormonal | When enocrine glands are prodded into action by other hormones its known as __________ stimuli. |
| humoral | Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients may also stimulate hormone release. What is this called? |
| humor | The ancient word _________ indicates the various body fluids, such as blood, bile and others. |
| neural | When nerve fibers stimulate hormone release, this is known as ______ stimuli. |
| direct | Steroid hormone action is known as ________ gene activation. |
| second messenger | Non-steroid hormone action is known as a _______ _______ system. |
| pituitary | The master endocrine gland is the ________ gland. |
| sphenoid | The pituitary gland is snugly surrounded by the ________ bone. |
| 2 | The pituitary has ___ functional lobes. |
| dwarfism | Hyposecretion of GH during childhood leads to _______. |
| gigantism | Hypersecretion of GH during childhood results in ________. |
| acromegaly | If hypersecretion occurs after long bone growth has ended, it results in ________. The facial bones, particularly the jaw, and the feet and hands enlarge tremendously. |
| goiter | An enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| cretinism | Hyposecretion of thyroxine can result in ________, which results in dwarfism - adult body proportions remain childlike. |
| graves disease | A disease when the thyroid enlarges, and the eyes may bulge or protrude is called _______ _______. |
| 4 | There is a total of ___ parathyroid glands. |
| adrenal | Two bean shaped ______ glands curve over the top of the kidneys. |
| corticosteroids | The adrenal cortex produces 3 major groups of hormones, which are called __________. |
| mineralcorticoids | The ______ are inportant in regulating the mineral content of the blood. They target the kidney tubules. |
| glucocorticoids | ________ produce normal cell metabolism and help the body to resist long term stressors. |
| zona glomerulosa | The first layer of the adrenal cortex is called the ____ _________. |
| zona fascicularis | The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the ______ __________. |
| zona reticularis | The third level of the adrenal cortex is called the ______ _________. |
| alpha | Glucagon is released by the ____ cells. |
| 2 | The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases ___ hormones. |
| oxytocin | ______ stimulates contraction of the uterus, and the milk let-down reflex. |
| antidiuretic | _______ hormone promotes retention of water by the kidneys. |
| T3 T4 | These 2 hormones stimulate metabolism. |
| thymosin | This hormone programs T-lymphocytes. |
| androgens | This hormone supports sperm formation, development and maintenance of 2ndary sex characteristics. |
| placenta | The ________ forms temporarily in the uterus of pregnant women. |
| plasma | The formed elements are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called ________. |
| leukocytes | The buffy coat contains _______, or the WBC. |
| 8 | Blood accounts for ___% of body weight. |
| albumin | This acts as a carrier, shuttling certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to blood pressure. |
| anucleate | RBC are _________, they lack a nucleus. |
| hemoglobin | RBCs are litterally bags of _________, an iron bearing protein. |
| 250 | A single RBC contains about ____ million hemoglobin molecules. |
| anemia | A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood, whatever the reason. |
| sickle cell | _____ _____ anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin that was formed becomes spiky and sharp. |
| complete | WBC are the only ______ cells in the blood, they contain nuclei and the usual organelles. |
| leukocytosis | A WBC that is high, called ________, usually means that a bacterial or viral infection is stewing. |
| leukopenia | ________, is an abnormally low WBC count. Commonly caused by certain drugs. |
| neutrophils | Avid phagocytes at sites of infection. |
| eosinophils | Kill parasitic worms. |
| basophils | Histamine containing granuoules, initiate inflammation. |
| lymphocytes | Play an important role in the immune response. |
| monocytes | Change into macrophages, which fight cronic infections such as TB. |
| hematopoeisis | Blood cell formation is called ________. |
| vascular spasms occur | The first step in blood clotting is that _________. |
| platelet plug forms | The second step in blood clotting is that a ________. |
| coagulation events | The third step in blood clotting is that certain __________ occur. |
| negative | If a person with Rh___ blood receives mismatched blood, their system will become sesitized and will begin to produce antibodies. |
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