Sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides, Nitroimidazoles, Nitrofurans, Fluoroquinolones, Polypeptides and Macrolides
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candiceclarke on February 14, 2011
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99 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is the antibiotic spectrum of sulfonamides? | -Broad spectrum -some G+ and - aerobes, not very effective for anaerobes |
| Which drugs are made inactivated in the presence of purulent material? | Sulfonamides (not effective against anaerobes) |
| Which drug can stop the reproduction of some protozoa such as coccidia if given early in the disease? | Sulfonamides |
| How are Sulfonamides metabolized and excreted? | -relatively insoluble in water -excreted in the urine by filtration and active transport (to get to urine) |
| T or F Sulfonamides and their metabolites habe high water solubility | F they have low water solubility |
| What are some adverse effects of sulfonamides (3)? | 1. Crytalluria in the kidneys causing renal tubular damage (low water solubility) 2. Irreversible Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in dogs 3. Salivation and gastric ulceration in cats |
| Why is it a good idea to rehydrate dehydrated patients first before treating them with sulfonamides? | Because it prevents the formation of crystals in the kidney due to sulfonamides low water solubility |
| What is Irreversible KCS? What is it a side effect of? | -Irreversible Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca -Irreversible dry eye, caused by inability to produce tears -a side effect of sulfonamides in dogs |
| ______ sulfonamides alone are not used commonly anymore because of ____ ______ | -parenteral -acquired resistance |
| What drug can be used in water to prevent coccidiosis outbreaks | Sulfonamides |
| Which sulfonamides are usedmost commonly today? | the potentiated sulfas (Sulfa and Trimethoprim) |
| WHat are the potentiated sulfonamides (_____ and _______) used for in small and large animals? What are their routes of administration? | -Sulfa and Trimethoprim -Broad spectrum coverage including chlamydia, and some protozoa (UTIs, respiratory, GIT and wound infections) -oral or injectable |
| ________ (sulfonamide) used in dogs for IBD, UTIs, respiratory, GIT disease and coccidia | Sulfasalazine |
| What are Aminoglycosides derived from? | mold |
| What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides? | -Bactericidal -Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes |
| What is the antibiotic spectrum of Aminoglycosides? | Narrow spectrum mainly G- aerobes |
| How are aminoglycosides metabolized and excreted? | -poor absorption from GIT so not given orally (except for neomycin in scours) -Not active in acid environments (bases) like necrotic or purulent tissue. -Tends to accumulate in renal tissue which can cause toxicity problems |
| Aminoglycosides tend to be _____ given not _____ administered. Why? Whats the exception? | -parenterally -orally -not absorbed well from the GIT -The exception is Neomycin which is given orally for scours |
| Aminoglycosides are (acidic/basic) drugs and so are not active in (acidic/basic) environments such as ____ or ____ tissues | -are bases -not active in acidic environments -necrotic or purulent tissues |
| Why can Aminoglycosides cause toxicity problems? | -tends to accumulate in renal tissue |
| What is the major side effect of Aminoglycosides? When is this a problem (4)? | -nephrotoxicity (notorious for causing kidney tissues) -with 1. high doses 2. prolonged treament 3. pre-existing kidney damage 4. dehydration |
| WHat is a notable adverse effect of aminoglycosides? WHat are the symptoms? Which species is most sensitive? | -Ototoxicity caused by damage to cranial nerve VIII - loss of hearing or loss of balance -cats are most sensitive |
| Why shouldn't Aminoglycosides be given to a patient with kidney issues or dehydration? | -It's major adverse effect is nephrotoxicity which can be more a problem in patients with kidney disease or dehydration |
| Which drug is mainly used ______ for tough gram - infections (like what?) | -parenterally -Aminoglycosides (salmonella, proteus, pseudomonas) |
| Sometimes ______are used with penicillin (gets gram +) to get a broader coverage | -Aminoglycosides |
| Aminoglycosides are used in small, large and exotic patients for such infections as (5): | 1. Uterine Infections 2. Septicemia 3. Soft Tissue Wounds 4. Scours 5. Pneumonia |
| ______ of the _____ class is commonly used in equine joints (intra articular injections) for infections or post joint surgery | -Amikacin -Aminoglycosides |
| What is the mechanism of action of Macrolides? | -bacteriostatic -bind to bacterial ribosomes to prevent protein synthesis |
| What is the antibiotic spectrum of macrolides? | -variable spectrums (e.g. Erythromycin: G+ and a few G-'s, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia) |
| How are macrolides metabolized? | -Extremely lipid soluble so easily absorbed and distributed in all body tissues except CNS -Good oral absorption, but can be irritating (erythromycin and tylocin) |
| How are macrolides excreted? | -excreted in the bile |
| Why are macrolides easily absorbed? Except for where? | they are lipid soluble -except for CNS |
| Which macrolides have good oral absorption but can be irritating? | -erythromycin and tylocin |
| The drug _____ of the ______ class can be fatal if accidentally injected into humans, ___, ____, and ____ | -Tilmicosin -Macrolide -horses, dogs and pigs |
| What are some adverse effects of the oral macrolides? | -GIT effects: rectal edema, partial anal prolapses and diarrhea |
| Why should the _______ erythromycin and Tylocin not be given by IM? | they can cause damage |
| Macrolides are mainly used in _______ disease | -respiratory |
| Name four macrolides and some of their uses: | 1. Erythromycin: R.D. in cattle,pigs and sheep; Rhodococcus in foals; Mastitis 2. Tylocin: RD in dogs, cats, cattle, pigs and poultry and swine dysentry 3. Tilmicosin: (long acting SQ injection) pneumonia in cattle, footrot 4. Tulathromycin: RD in cattle |
| What macrolide is a long term SQ injection used in bovine pneumonia and footrot and has a serious human side effect | Tilmicosin |
| Which macrolide can be administered orally, parenterally, intramammarily, opthalmically? | erythromycin |
| Which antibiotics are a fairly new class of synthetic antibacterial drugs? | Fluoroquinolones |
| What is the mechanism of action of the fluoroquinolones? | -bactericidal -inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis |
| What is the antibiotic spectrum of the Fluoroquinolones? | Broad spectrum (considered better against G-) -poor against anaerobes -some activity against mycoplasma and rickettsia |
| How are fluoroquinolones metabolized? | -rapid oral absorption -highly lipid soluble and low protein binding -Long half life so decreased frequency of dosing -Al, Mg antacids decreas their absorption |
| How are fluoroquinolones excreted? | -approximately 50-100% are excreted unchanged in the urine |
| T or F Fluoroquinolones have a high TI | T |
| Which drug may interfere with normal cartilage maturation in young puppies? What class is it in? WHen can they be used safely? | -Enrofloxacin of the Fluoroquinolones -after the growth plate has closed (not a problem in kittens) |
| Which Fluoroquinolones has had its dosage decreased in cats because of the occurrence of eye lesions? | -Enrofloxacin |
| T or F Fluoroquinolone are go to first choice drugs | F they are powerful drugs and should be saved till needed |
| What are some uses of the fluoroquinolone class? (3) | -Skin Infections, UTIs and soft tissue infections |
| What are polypeptide antibiotics? How are they used (2)? | -Two drugs (Polymixin B and Bacitracin) that some from bacteria -Only used topically or intramammarily |
| ______ are toxic if given orally or injected because of what? | -Polypeptide antibiotics -Not tolerated systemically |
| What are the three ways polypeptide antibiotics can be administered? The two ways they cant? | Can: 1. Topical 2. Opthalmic 3. Intramammary Can't: 1. Orally 2. Injected |
| Give an example of a opthalmic polypeptide antibiotic | BNPH |
| Give examples of topical polypeptide antibiotics | -Polysporin (made from Polymyxin B mixed with Bacitracin) -Bacitracin |
| Give an example of a polypeptide antibiotic that can be given intramammarily | Polymixin B (plus other antibiotics and a steroid) |
| What is the mechanism of action of polypeptide antibiotics? | -Bactericidal -Affects permeability of bacterial cell wall allowing cytoplasm to leak out |
| WHat is the antibiotic spectrum of polypeptide antibiotics? Which is what? | Narrow spectrum (very) -each is effective against one of the gram categories: Polymixin B (G-) and Bacitracin (G+) |
| What gram category is Bacitracin effective against? | G+ |
| What gram category is Polymyxcin B effective against? | G- |
| How are polypeptide antibiotics metabolized and excreted? | They never are because they can't be given systemically-toxic |
| What are some adverse effects of polypeptide antibiotics? | Can cause serious neurological and renal damage if given parenterally |
| What are some uses for polypeptide antibiotics? (4) | skin, eye and ear infections -bovine mastitis |
| The polypeptide drugs are often combined to get a _____ _____ ______ | broad spectrum coverage |
| What antibacterial are not allowed to be used in food producing animals? (3) | 1. Chloramphenicol .2 Nitrofurans 3. Nitroimidazoles |
| What are nitrofurans derived from? | they are synthetic |
| What is the mechanism of action of nitrofurans? | -Bactericidal -Inhibit carbohydrate metabolism of bacteria |
| What is the antibiotic spectrum of Nitrofurans? Which specific drug has specific organisms it's effective against? | -Broad Spectrum -Furazolidone gets Giardia, Trichomonas, Coccidian protozoa and some fungi |
| T or F Nitrofurans can be used parenterally | F |
| Can Nitrofurans be absorbed orally? | some can |
| What are some adverse effects of Nitrofurans? (2) | -Suspected human carcinogens so their use in food producing animals is prohibited -May see some GIT upset after oral admin |
| What is the Nitrofuran drug commonly used for superficil skin infections? When must it be used carefully? | Nitrofurazone -May increase growth of proudflesh in lower linb equine wounds so must be used carefully |
| Which Nitrofuran is licensed for horses, dogs and cats for ___ ___ ___ and ____ | -Nitrofurantoin -URI and UTIs |
| Which Nitrofuran drug is used for enteric fungal infections in small animals? | -Furazolidone |
| What class of drugs does Metronidazole belong to? | Nitroimidazole |
| What is the mechanism of action of Nitroimidazoles? | -Bactericidal -Specific action not known (disrupts DNA synthesis) |
| What is the antibiotic spectrum of Nitroimidazoles? | Primarily against anaerobes -also against Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas, Giardia and Balantidium coli |
| How are Nitroimidazoles metabolized? | -Lipophilic so rapidly absorbed and distributed after oral admin -distributed to most body tissues including bone, abscesses, the CNS and seminal fluids (less than 20% protein bound) -Metabolized mainly in the liver |
| How are Nitroimidazoles excreted? | Both the metabolites and the unchanged drug are eliminated in the urine and feces (good for diarrhea) |
| T or F Nitroimidazoles are prohiited for use in food animals | T |
| What is an adverse effect of Nitroimidazoles? Symptoms? | -With chronic mod-high dose therapy can cause neurologic toxicity -Symptoms: nystagmus, ataxia, head-tilt, proprioception issues (is potentially reversible) |
| What are some uses of Nitroimidazole? (2) | -Often used in large bowel diarrhea and giardia infections (has some inhibitive actions on cell-mediated immunity) |
| Which drugs are easily absorbed into the CNS? (3) | 1. Nitroimidazoles 2.Chloramphenicol and Florphenicol |
| Which drug is used againt DSD (Erysypeles)? | Lincosamides (Lincomycin) |
| Which antibacterial class was going to be used for the anthrax scare? | Fluoroquinolones |
| Which class of antibacterials has been shown to cause cataracts in cats? | Fluoroquinolones |
| Which classes of antibacterials are good against anaerobic bacteria? | -Nitroimidazoles -Lincosamides |
| Which class of antibacterials can you not give with certain foods? | -Tetracyclines |
| Which class of antibacterials can cause irreversible dry eye and crystalluria? | Sulfonamides |
| _____ can be mixed with ____ to make them bactericidal. These are the most _____ ________ sulfas | -Sulfas -Trimethoprim (any potentiated sulfas are bactericidal) -commonly used |
| Which antibacterial class can be added to water to prevent coccidia outbreaks? | Sulfonimides |
| Which drug class can only be used topically, otherwise they are toxic? | Polypeptides |
| Which class of antibacterials are is not commonly used in veterinary medicine? | Nitrofurans |
| Which class of antibacterials can cause head-tilit and nystagmus? | Nitroimidazoles |
| _____ are used as antibiotics, against protozoans (giardia) and to calm down diarrhea | Nitroimidazoles |
| What is an examples of a G+ drug? | Penicillin G |
| What is an example of a G- drug? | Aminoglycosides |
| WHat is the mechanism of action of Sulfonamides? | -Bacteriostatic -inhibits folic acid production |
| When can sulfonamides be bactericidal? | When they are potentiated |
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