Ch 5 - Schism, Reform & Renewal
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Babylonian Captivity of the Church | the Avignon papacy in which the papacy was in a sort of exile from the see of Peter, Rome for 68 years |
| Erasmus of Rotterdam | humanist scholar who sought to reform society, apply the Gospel to the political system, and prod the Church into self-renewal |
| John Wyclif | English heretic papal authority, and dismissed the validity of the hierarchy, the sacraments, and priesthood; championed the people's right to read the Bible in their own language |
| Catherine of Siena | Doctor of the Church; prolific letter writer; her goal was to get Gregory XI to return to Rome |
| humanism | a cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized the rediscovery of art, literature, and the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome |
| Black Death | bubonic plague, which devastated Europe during the Renaissance |
| Great Western Schism | After the return of the papacy to Rome from Avignon, Italian mobs allegedly pressured the cardinals into electing an Italian as Pope. French cardinals elected a new Pope and returned with him to Avignon. Both Popes - and their successors - claimed to be the true Pope. |
| John Hus | Bohemian who taught Wyclif's teachings; stressed the authority of the Bible and the importance of preaching |
| Joan of Arc | heard voices from God calling her to save France. She led the French against the English in the Battle Orleans and was victorious. She was later captured by England and martyred. |
| indulgence | the remission before God of the temporal punishment due to forgiven sins |
| Council of Constance | called by King Sigismund , then formally convoked by Pope Gregory XII (from Rome), who then abdicated. Its work deposed the two remaining Popes and elected Pope Martin V, ending the Western Schism |
| Gregory XI | The last of the Avignon Popes who was urged by St. Brigid and Catherine of Siena to return to Rome |
| Bridget of Sweden | called for Pope Gregory XI to leave Avignon and return to Rome; did not live to see her dream realized |
| conciliarism | idea popular in the Middle Ages that a general council of the Church had more authority than the Pope and could depose him if need be |
| Nominalism | a philosophy that held that the faithful as a whole - and their bishops gathered in council - had final governing authority in the Church |
| Augsburg Confession | the basic credo of Lutheranism |
| Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros | Archbishop of Toledo in Spain; founded Alcala University a center for Theological Studies |
| Council of Trent | 1545-1563; this important council strove to eliminate problems in the Church and to determine once and for all the doctrinal and disciplinary issues with which Protestant reformers disagreed. |
| Index of Forbidden Books | List of books that were forbidden from Catholics in order to protect them from heretical ideas |
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | The seminal exposition on Protestant theology, written by John Calvin |
| Johann Tetzel | Dominican monk, whose selling of indulgences in Germany disgusted Martin Luther |
| Ninety-Five Theses | A list posted by Martin Luther on the church door at Wittenberg, condemning the selling of indulgences and calling for a debate among theologians over reforming the Church; marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation |
| Peace of Augsburg | A concord that established the principle of cuis regio, eius religio". Latin for "Whose region, his religion." This means that whatever the religion of the monarch would be the religion of the people. |
| Peasants' Revolt | 1524-1525: a series of economic as well as religious revolts, fueled by the Anabaptist movement. |
| Protestant Reformation | A sixteenth century movement to reform the Church that escalated into a separation from the Church altogether. |
| Savaronola | An Italian Dominican priest and Florentine a leader in the mid-1400's. He attempted moral reforms but was too harsh, which led his supporters to turn on him and burn him at the stake in 1498. |
| Spiritual Exercises | A classic work on the spiritual life written by Ignatius of Loyola. |
| Alexander VI | The most infamous Pope of the Renaissance; a Borgia, he used nepotism and simony to enrich himself and his family. |
| Anabaptists | Radical reforming sects, for example, Baptists, Mennonites, Quakers, and Amish, that taught that infant Baptism was invalid and that only adults could be baptized. |
| John Calvin | French reformer who denied sacraments, condemned the papacy, monasticism, and the celibacy and taught predestination; author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion |
| John Knox | Brought Presbyterianism, and offshoot of Calvinism, to Scotland; stressed the priesthood of all believers, thus requiring no separate clergy. |
| King Henry VIII of England | had been given the title "Defender of the Faith" for his defense of the Catholic Church, in particular in response to Martin Luther. Declared himself the head of the Church in England and not bound to the dictates of Rome. |
| Martin Luther | German, Augustinian monk; major reformer who condemned the selling of indulgences, called for reform, and eventually broke with the Church over the questions of justification, the primacy of the Scripture over Tradition, and the primacy of the priesthood over the laity; famous for writing the "95 Theses" |
| Philip Melancthon | Luther's disciple; He drafted the basic creed of Lutheranism, Augsburg Confession. |
| Queen Elizabeth I of England | Established the Anglican religion in England by synthesizing Calvinist, Lutheran, and Catholic elements. |
| Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss priest who set up a reform Protestantism in Switzerland; encouraged a democratic rule for the church; taught that the Eucharist is only a sign of Christ's presence. |
| Charles Borromeo | A zealous reforming bishop of Milan. |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Believed "being a soldier for Christ: really meant doing all for "God's greater honor and glory"; composed the Spiritual Exercises; founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
| Philip Neri | Founded a society of secular priests called the Congregation of Oratory. |
| Robert Bellarmine | Jesuit, Doctor of the Church, who wrote treatises that refuted the protests of heretics; showed how authority comes from God; created a catechism for teachers. |
| Theresa of Avila | Doctor of the Church, spiritual writer; taught that prayer is simply talking to God; author of Interior Castle; she reformed the Carmelite order. |
| Thomas More | Lawyer, chancellor of England under Henry VIII, stood firm in his conscience and would not agree to Henry's divorce and revolt against Rome; he died a martyr. |
| cuis regio, eius religio | Latin for "whose region, his religion". This means that the religion of the monarch would be the religion of the people. The term was used in the Peace of Augsburg. |
| Inquisition | comes from a Latin word meaning "to ask" or "to seek"; was an ecclesiastical tribunal established for detecting and suppressing heresy; major tool used by the King and Queen of Spain to unify Catholicism in Spain |
| Renaissance | The cultural rebirth begun in the late Middle Ages; stressed the natural and human, the pleasures of life, the human body, and celebrated education. |
| theocracy | A civil government under Church control. |
| Michaelangelo | 1475-1564; poet and sculptor, commissioned to paint the Sistine Chapel; some other famous works are La Pieta and the Statue of David |
| Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519; known as the "Renaissance Man"; was an artist, scientist, inventor, all around scholar; some of his famous works are the Annunciation, The Last Supper, and journal sketches of the Vitruvian Man |
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