Cell Division - Honors (Mitosis and Meiosis)
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mrparker71 Plus on February 15, 2011
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell division | The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells (p. 127). |
| chromosome | Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next; a typical human body cell has 46 of these (p. 126). |
| chromatid | One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome (p. 128). |
| centromere | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached (p. 128). |
| cell cycle | The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide (p. 129). |
| interphase | Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions (p. 129). |
| G1 phase | A period during interphase in which cells do most of their growing--increasing in size and synthesizing new proteins and organelles (p. 129). |
| S phase | Period of time during interphase in which chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA takes place (p. 129). |
| G2 phase | Period of time during interphase--usually the shortest--during which many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced (p. 129). |
| M phase | This part of the cell cycle is divided into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (p. 129-131). |
| prophase | During this phase of mitosis the chromosomes become visible, the nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear envelope breaks down (p. 130). |
| spindle | A fanlike microtubule structure that helps to separate the chromosomes (p. 130-131). |
| metaphase | During this phase of mitosis the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell (p. 130). |
| anaphase | During this phase of mitosis the centromeres split, allowing the chromatids to be pulled to opposite sides of the cell (p. 130). |
| telophase | During this phase of mitosis the chromosomes unwind to form chromatin, a nuclear envelope re-forms around the chromosomes, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus (p. 131). |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm itself; in animal cells the cell membrane is drawn inward to pinch the cytoplasm into two parts while in plants a cell plate forms between the daughter nuclei (p. 131). |
| homologous | Term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent (p. 136). |
| diploid | Term used to describe a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes; represented by the symbol 2N (p. 137). |
| haploid | Term used to describe cells that contain only a single set of chromosomes; represented by the symbol 1N (p. 137). |
| meiosis | A process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell (p. 138-139). |
| tetrad | Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form this structure (p. 138). |
| crossing-over | When homologous chromosomes form tetrads they may exchange portions of their chromatids; this process helps to increase genetic diversity (p. 142). |
| polar bodies | Cells produced in the female during meiosis that do not participate in reproduction; these cells are the result of uneven cell division that concentrates the cytoplasm in the egg (p. 543). |
| prophase I | Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad during this phase of meiosis (p. 138). |
| metaphase I | Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) move to the equator of the cell during this phase of meiosis (p. 138). |
| anaphase I | Spindle fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell during this phase of meiosis (p. 138). |
| metaphase II | Single chromosomes made of sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell during this phase of meiosis (p. 139). |
| anaphase II | The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell during this phase of meiosis (p. 139). |
| cytokinesis II | Completes the formation of four haploid daughter cells (p. 139). |
| gametes | Specialized haploid cells involved in reproduction; the term used to describe sperm and egg cells (p. 137). |
| spermatogenesis | Process by which gametes are produced in male animals (p. 542). |
| oogeneis | Process by which gametes are produced in female animals (p. 542). |
| IPMAT | A mnemonic (memory aid) that can be used to remember the stages of the cell cycle: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. |
| 46 | The normal diploid number of chromosomes in a typical cell of the human body. |
| zygote | A fertilized egg (p. 137). |
| autosomes | The 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes (p. 137). |
| locus | A particular place on a chromosome where a gene might be located (p. 137). |
| somatic cell | A typical, non-sex, body cell (p. 136). |
| cleavage furrow | A shallow groove in the cell surface of an animal cell at the start of cytokinesis (p. 132). |
| cell plate | The precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two (p. 132). |
| centrosome | Clouds of cytoplasmic material from which spindle microtubules emerge and that in animal cells contain centrioles (p. 131). |
| kinetochore | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle (p. 130). |
| gonad | A general term for the organ that produces gametes. |
| chromatin | Combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. |
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