The Organization of Movement
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Reflexive, rhythmic, and voluntary | Name the three categories of movement. |
| Reflexive: No; yes; no; none. Rhythmic: No; yes; yes; none. Voluntary: Yes; no; no; improves with practice. | Compare and contrast the properties of the four categories of movement (is there a decision involved, are they stereotyped, is the movement repetitive, what is the role of learning in their execution (i.e. does performance improve with practice)). |
| Feedback | ____ controls of movement involve moment-to-moment comparison of sensory signals with a desired motor state to adjust/optimize actual motor state. |
| Feedforward | ____ control of movement involves anticipatory detection of sensory stimuli and initiates proactive responses. |
| Mechanoreceptor (muscle spindle) | Name a type of receptor in muscle that triggers a feedback control mechanism. |
| Catching a ball; when lifting the arm, leg muscles will contract in advance to counteract the anticipated change in center-of-mass. | Describe an example of feedforward or anticipatory control. |
| motor program | A ____ is a representation of a plan for movement. It specifies the spatial features of the movement and the angles through which the joints will move. |
| Positive signs (release phenomena) | Abnormal/stereotyped responses caused by withdrawal of tonic inhibition from neuronal circuits mediating a behavior. |
| Negative signs | ____ reflect loss of a particular capacity controlled by the damaged system. |
| The hierarchically interconnected distribution of motor neurons and sensory inputs through the three levels of motor control hierarchy. Sensory info relating to movement is processed in parallel operating systems. | Briefly describe the two organization features of motor systems that allow them to perform so many different motor tasks (reflex, rhythmic and voluntary) with speed and accuracy. |
| spinal cord; brainstem; polysynaptic | The ____ is the lowest hierarchical level, with circuits mediating reflexes and rhythmic locomotion/scratching. The ____ contains similar circuits from the face. Most reflexes are ____. Reflex responses are modified by axons from higher centers that facilitate or inhibit interneurons in polysynaptic circuits. |
| spinal cord; medial; lateral | The brainstem has medial and lateral neuron systems which receive cortical/subcortical input and project to the ____. The ____ descending system controls posture by integrating visual/vestibular/somatosensory info, while the ____ descending system controls distal limb muscles in goal directed movements. Also, eye/head movement nuclei are located here. |
| cortex/forebrain (primary motor/premotor cortex); corticospinal tract; Premotor; posterior parietal & prefrontal | The ____ is the highest motor control level. It projects directly to the spinal cord by the ____ and to the brainstem. ____ areas coordinate and plan complex movement sequences and receive info from the ____ & ____ cortices. |
| Can still walk on a treadmill and bring its paw around an object it bumps into; however, it cannot lift its forelimb before hitting an obstacle because this would require visual input (cut from higher centers). This illustrates that much of the oscillatory circuit of walking occurs in lower motor centers. | Describe the treadmill stepping behavior of a cat with a cervical spinal cord transection. What does this illustrate? |
| feedback circuits; cortical/brainstem; thalamus; brainstem; spinal cord; smooth movement and posture | The cerebellum/basal ganglia provide ____ that regulate ____ motor areas: they receive cortical inputs and project to these motor areas via the ____. The cerebellum's loops and the basal ganglia's loop have different pathways/targets. They both also project directly on ____ neurons, but not on ____ neurons. Both are necessary for ____. |
| basal ganglia | The ____ are implicated in motivation and selection of adaptive behavioral plans. |
| cerebellum | The ____ is involved in timing and coordination of movements in progress and with motor skill learning. |
| Medial/lateral vestibulospinal, medial/lateral reticulospinal, and tectospinal tracts. | Name the three major descending medial tracts. |
| Corticospinal tract | Name the major lateral descending tract in anthropoid apes and humans. |
| Rubrospinal tract | Name the major lateral descending tract in other primates and other mammals. |
| Head and neck: corticobulbar fibers control motor nuclei in the brainstem. Trunk and limbs: corticospinal fibers control spinal motor neurons. | Name the cortical pathways in humans that control voluntary movement of the muscles of the head and neck and of the trunk and limbs. |
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