Motor Development and Motor Behavior of the Lifespan
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Motor control | the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement |
| emergence of movement constrained by | task, individual, environment |
| The individual | movement arises from the interaction of multiple processes such as perception, cognition, action |
| perception | is essential to action it is the integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information it includes both peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher level processing |
| cognition | can include motivation, attention, emotion |
| The individual 2 | It is assumed that the body operates in "functional collectives" or "coordinative structures" within a finite and limited class of movements and by doing such controls the derees of freedom problem |
| the individual 3 | sensory/perceptual systems provide info about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement |
| The task functional categories | bed mobility, transfers, dressing |
| discrete task | definitive beginning and end ie: kicking a ball, standing from sitting |
| continuous task | the end point is arbitrary ie running walking |
| characteristics of the base of support | stable: nonmoving base of support mobile: moving base of support |
| The task | 1.functional categories 2. descrete vs continuous 3.characteristics of the base of support 4. The presence of manipulation 5. movement variability |
| open movement task | constantly changing and unpredictable |
| closed movement task | relatively stereotyped, little variability, fixed predictable environments |
| open-loop motor control | no sensory feedback necessary |
| closed-loop motor control | afferent information guides movement |
| The environment | regulatory and nonregulatory, features of the environment can enable or hinder movement |
| Regulatory | aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself (size, shape, weight of cup) |
| Nonregulatory | may affect performance but movement does not have to conform to these features (background noise) |
| Theory | set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other and to observable events |
| theories provide | a framework for interpreting behavior, a guide for clinical action, new ideas, working hypotheses for examination and intervention. |
| Reflex theory | Sherrington: complex behavior could be explained through the combined action of individual reflexes that are chained together |
| Reflex theory 2 | a basic premise was that physical events occuring in the environment served as the stimulus for action, triggering a chain of individual reflex circuits that were responsible for producing a movement response |
| reflex theory limitations | the theory was too simple to account for a person's ability to perform a wide variety of goal-directed actions especially those requiring anticipation |
| How did reflex theroy influence PT | clinical strategies to test reflexes should allow PT to predict function, movement behaviors interpreted in terms of prescence or absence of controlling reflexes, enhance or reduce effects of reflexes to retrain motor control |
| Heirarchical theory | cortical centers solely control movement planning and execution. It directs lower centers with the NS. Reflexes are part of the heirarchy of motor control |
| Hierarchical Theory 2 | representations of movement are stored in memory in the form of plans or programs for movement. These consist of preconstructed sets of motor commands that are constructed at the highest cortical levels and then conveyed to the lowerst centers. |
| Schaltenbrand | used these concepts to explain the development of mobility in children and adults - appearance and disapperance of a progression of hierarchically organized reflexes |
| Weisz | reported hierarchically organized reflex reactions that he thought were the basis for equilibrium in humans, proposed relationship between the dev of these reflexes and the dev of sitting standing and walking |
| Gesell and McGraw | applied current scientific thinking about reflex hierarchies of motor control to explain the behavior they observed in infants |
| Neuromaturational Theory of Development | Gesell and McGraw normal motor development was attributed to increasing corticalization of the CNS-resulting in the emergence of higher levels of control over lower level reflexes |
| heirarchical theory current concepts | it has been modified, each level of the nervous system can act on other levels depending on the task, reflexes not the sole determinant of motor control but one of processes important to the control of movement |
| central motor pattern | more flexibile than a reflex - it can be either activated by sensory stimuli or by central processes. |
| example of central motor pattern | locomotion in cats with sensory info cut at SC they could still produce locomotion patterns |
| motor programming theories | sensory input is not necessary for movement but does modulate movement |
| clinical implications of motor programming theories | intervention should focus on retraining movements important to a functional task, not just reeducating specific muscle sin isolation |
| Limitations of motor programming theories | CPG cannot be considered the sole determinant of action |
| Nicolai Bernstein | Systems theory |
| Systems theory | considers not just the nervous system but also the musculoskeletal system and the forces acting on the body, the same central command could result in different movement patterns and different commands in the same patterns |
| Systems theory 2 | coordination of movement is the process of mastering the redundant degrees of freedom |
| synergistic control of movement | systems theory - muslces are constrained together to act as a unit |
| systems theory limitations | broades theory and does not focus heavily on the interaction of the organism and the environment |
| Systems theory clinical contributions | most consider not only the CNS but also the msculoskeletal system as a determinant of motor control, examination and interventaions for patients with neurological impairment must look at the whole body and the interactions of multiple body systems |
| Principle of self organizaton | Dynamic action theroy - when a system of individual parts come together, its elements behave collectively in an orderly way, there is no need for a higher unit to issue instructions |
| Principle of nonlinear behavior | dynamic action theory - a new configuration of the behavior emerges when a single parameter reaches a critical value ie: walk, trot, gallop control parameter is velocity |
| Control parameter | dynamic action theory - a variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system |
| attractor states | dynamic action theory - preffered patterns of movement used to accomplish common activities of daily life |
| attractor well | dynamic action theory - the degree to which there is flexibility to change a preferred pattern of movement |
| dynamic action theory limitations | neural contributions to movement are understated |
| dynamic action theory clinical implications | movement is an emergent property - it emerges from the interaction of multiple elements, understanding the physical or dynamic properties of the human body is important in treatment |
| Gibson | Ecological theory |
| ecological theory | perception guides actions, perception focuses on detecting information in the environment that will support the actions necessary to achieve the goal |
| ecological theory 2 | the individual is an active explorer of the environment - the idividual is able to detect, through perceptual process, meaningful intrinsic and extrinisc information that can be used to organized actions |
| ecological theory clinical implications | the ability to develop multiple solutions to accomplishing a task requires that the patient explore a range of possible ways to accomplish a task and discover the best solution given their circumstance |
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