| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla that increase CO by increasing HR and Contractility of the cardiac muscle fibers and cause vasoconstriction of abdominal and cutaneous arterioles and veins |
| Atrial Naturetic Peptide | Hormone that is produced in the right atrium that causes vasodilation and a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure by promoting more Na+ ions and water excretion by kidneys |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) | hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that causes kidneys to secrete less water, increasing blood volume and blood pressure |
| Diabetes Insipidis | causes copious amounts of water to be lost in the urine |
| ADH | Release of greater amounts of ____ following severe blood loss causes vasoconstriction |
| Endothelin | vasoconstrictor produced by endothelial cells in response to low blood flow, causing an increase in blood pressure |
| Nitric Oxide (Endothelium Derived Relaxation Factor) | Vasodilator produced by endothelial cells in response to high blood flow, causing a decrease in blood pressure |
| Histamine and Kinins | chemicals released during an inflammatory response and certain allergies, causing vasodilation by increasing capillary permeability, causing a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure |
| Alcohol | inhibits ADH release, causing vasodilation (especially in the skin), causing a decrease in blood pressure |
| Nicotine | causes vasoconstriction, creating an increase in blood pressure |
| How long does nicotine work for each cigarette | one hour |
| Kidneys | provide main long term blood pressure regulation by altering the blood volume via direct and indirect methods |
| Direct mechanism | involves increase in renal filtration rate following an increase in blood volume or arterial blood pressure |
| Renal Filtration Rate | how much fluid comes out of the kidney tubules over time |
| They control the blood pressure by excreting more urine or less urine | Direct mechanisms by the kidneys |
| Indirect mechanism | involves Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism |
| Renin into the blood | a decrease in arterial blood pressure leads kidney cells to release |
| Renin | an enzyme that initiates a series of reactions resulting in production of Angiotensin 2 |
| Angiotensin 2 | a very strong vasoconstrictor causing an increase in systemic blood pressure |
| Aldosterone release by the Adrenal Cortex | Angiotensin 2 stimulates |
| Aldosterone | hormone that increases reabsorption of Na+ ions, increasing reabsorption of water |
| Autoregulation | localized, automatic adjustment of blood flow in a particular tissue to fill the needs of that tissue at a particular time |
| Autoregulation's importance | helps meet changing oxygen and nutritional demands of active tissue, like the heart and other muscle tissue, lungs, skin, and brain |
| physical and chemical metabolic stimuli | both of these are involved in the autoregulation in a tissue |
| Physical controls of autoregulation | temperature and myogenic response |
| Temperature's role in autoregulation | cooling promotes vasoconstriction and warming stimulates vasodilation |
| Myogenic Response | a more forceful contraction of muscle upon being stretched, causing a relaxation when stretch is reduced |
| Increased blood flow in arterioles = | increase stretch of smooth muscle in their walls, causing vasoconstriction |
| decreased blood flow in arterioles = | decrease stretch of smooth muscle in their walls, causing vasodilation |
| Vasoactive factors | substances that stimulate vasodilation or vasoconstriction by directly promoting relaxation or constriction of smooth muscle in blood |
| The usual result of declining levels of oxygen or nutrients | vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters, causing an increase in blood flow to tissues, causing an increase in oxygen an nutrient levels there |
| Vasoactive factors that are vasodilators | K+ and H+ ions, adenosine, lactic acid, nitric oxide, histamine, and kinins |
| Vasoactive factors that are vasoconstrictors | Thromboxane A2, Endothelins, Serotonin, and Angiotensin 2 |
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