Minerals Ch. 5
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 How many minerals are known? | 4000 |
| What are crystals? | rare minerals displaying flat external faces. (form best in open cavities) |
| Crystalline structure are based on what? | atomic patterns |
| The Crystalline Structure is.. | repeated arrangement of atoms bonding with one another |
| What are 5 recognized types of bonds? | covalent, ionic, metallic, van der waals, hydrogen |
| What does the nucleus consist of? | protons (+) and neutrons (no charge) |
| What are electrons? | Negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus. Located in discrete energy levels called shells. |
| Ionic Bonding | - Atoms gain or lose outermost electrons to form ions - Ionic compounds- orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions |
| Covalent Bonding | - Atoms share electrons to achieve electrical neutrality - Generally stronger than ionic bonds - Both ionic and covalent bonds typically occur in the same compound |
| What happens in metallic bonding? | outermost electrons are free to migrate among atoms |
| What are polymorphs? | Minerals with same composition but different crystalline structures. Poly=many, morph=form |
| 98.5% of crustal mineral mass is from what 8 elements? | Oxygen (46.6%), Silicon (27.7%), Aluminum (8.1%), Iron (5.0%), Calcium (3.6%), Sodium (2.8%), Potassium (2.6%), Magnesium (2.1%) |
| What is the most important mineral group? | Silicates |
| Facts about Silicates | - most rock-forming minerals - abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in earth's crust - acts as an atom (molecule) in atomic bonding |
| What do dark silicates consist of? | Fe, Mg silicates |
| What do light silicates consist of? | Ca, Na, K, Al silicates |
| What are some physical properties of minerals? | crystal form, luster, color (streak), hardness, cleavage (fracture), specific gravity (density) |
| what does luster mean? | how mineral reflects light |
| What is generally unreliable for mineral identification? | color |
| what does streak mean? | the color of powdered mineral |
| what is cleavage? | the way a mineral "breaks" into smaller bits of characteristic shape. |
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