AP Bio Animal Unit
About this set
Created by:
mollythedancer on February 16, 2011
Classes:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
97 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 animal characteristics | -multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes -no cell wall, cells held with collagen -nerve and muscle tissue -sexual reproduction |
| cleavage | mitotic divisions after fertilization |
| blastula | hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage |
| gastrulation | forms the primitive gut (adult body parts will arise from these embryonic tissues in the gastrula) |
| germ layers | Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body. |
| ectoderm | "blue" gives rise to the outer surface and sometimes nervous system |
| endoderm | "yellow" lines the digestive tube (archenteron) |
| mesoderm | "red" forms muscles and many organs |
| Parazoa | no true tissue |
| Phylum Porifera | -(Parazoa) -sponges -sessile -loose federation of cells, -no mesoderm, asymmetrical -filter feeders -water into pores into spongocoel exits osculum -food filtered out by choanocytes -most are hermaphrodites |
| spongocoel | large central cavity of the sponge |
| osculum | A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled |
| choanocytes | flagellated collar cells in sponges that filter food |
| Eumetazoa | true tissue |
| Radiata | radial symmetry, diploplastic |
| diploblastic | have only 2 germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) |
| Phylum Cnidaria | -(Eumetazoa, Radiata) -hydra, jelly fish, sea anemonem coral -gastrovascular cavity -single opening for mouth/anus -polyp and medusa form -nematocysts -sexual and asexual reproduction -muscles and nerves in simplest form |
| nematocysts | stinging capsules located in special cells called cnidocytes (on tentacles) |
| cnidocytes | special cells with nematocysts |
| Phylum Ctenophora | -(Eumetazoa, Radiata) -similar to Cnidaria -comb jellies -move by cilia fused into combs |
| Acoelomates | no coelom (body cavity) |
| Bilateria | bilateral symmetry, triploblastic |
| coelom | mesoderm lined body cavity besides the digestive cavity |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Acoelomate) -flatworms -some free living, some parasitic -some cephalization -no body cavity -mesoderm gives rise to more complex organs and true muscle tissue -one opening digestive tract |
| cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body |
| Pseudocoelomates | triploblastic, body cavity but not completely enclosed by mesoderm |
| Phylum Rotifera | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Pseudocoelomate) -complete digestive tract (mouth and anus) -parthenogenesis |
| parthenogenesis | process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual |
| Phylum Nematoda | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Pseudocoelomate) -round worms -many free living, some parasitic -hookworm, pinworm, Trichina |
| Coelomates | body cavity completely enclosed by mesoderm besides digestive cavity, triploblastic |
| Protostomes | spiral, determinate cleavage (cells have designated purpose right away), blastopore becomes mouth |
| Phylum Nemertea | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -proboscis worms (ribbon worms) -complete digestive tract -closed circulatory system -many evolved away from coelom |
| P. Bryozoa, P. Phoronida, P. Brachiopoda | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -Lophophorate animals, have horse-shoe shaped fold with cilia surrounding the mouth -evolved into filter feeders -complete digestive tract |
| Phylum Mollusca | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -snails, slugs, oysters, octopus -separate sexes or hermaphrodites (snails) -muscular foot -visceral mass -mantle -radula -(3 classes to remember) |
| mantle | fold of tissue that covers visceral mass, often secretes shell |
| visceral mass | contains organs |
| radula | rasping organ that scrapes up food |
| Class Gastropoda | (Mollusca) -stomach foot -snails |
| Class Bivalva | (Mollusca) -2 shells -clams |
| Class Cephalopoda | (Mollusca) -head foot -octopus -internal shell |
| Phylum Annelida | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -segmented worms (earthworm) -closed circulatory system -cerebral ganglia & nerve cords -metanephridia |
| metanephridia | each segment has 2 to excrete metabolic waste |
| Phylum Arthropoda | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -regional segmentation -jointed appendages -exoskeleton -molting -extensive cephalization -open circulatory system -internal fertilization -(5 classes to remember) |
| Class Arachnida | (Arthropoda) -scorpians, spiders, ticks, mites -cephalothorax with 6 pairs appendages -2 pr chelicerae (sensing), 4 pair walking leg |
| Class Diplopoda | (Arthropoda) -millipedes -2 pr. leg per segment -eat decaying matter |
| Class Chilopoda | (Arthropoda) -centipedes -1 pr. leg per segment -carnivores -poisonous |
| Class Insecta | (Arthropoda) -wings are extension of cuticle -most successful terrestrial -tracheal system for gas exchange -maliphigian tubules for excretion of metabolic waste -cerebral ganglium -many undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis |
| Class Crustacea | (Arthropoda) -crabs, lobsters, shrimp -2 pr. antennae -appendages on thorax and abdomen |
| Deuterostomes | radial, indeterminate cleavage (cells function not immediately determined), blastopore becomes anus |
| Phylum Echinodermata | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Deuterostomes) -sea stars, sea urchins -water vascular system -tube feet (for locomotion) -external fertilization |
| water vascular system | network of hydraulic canals |
| Phylum Chordata | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Deuterostome) -notochord -dorsal, hollow nerve cord -pharyngeal gill slits -muscular, post-anal tail -segmented |
| notochord | flexible rod between digestive and nerve cords |
| dorsal, hollow nerve cord | from ectoderm rolling into a tube |
| Subphylum Urochordata | -Phylum Chordata -Invertebrate -sessile as adult |
| Subphylum Cephalochordata | -Phylum Chordata -invertebrates -may have evolved from paedogenesis of Urochordata |
| Subphylum Vertebrata | -Phylum Chordata -neural crest -high degree cephalization -vertebral column and cranium -closed circulatory system |
| neural crest | embryonic cells forming on dorsal part of neural tube: go to make up bones and cartilage of brain case (skull) |
| Class Agnatha | -jawless fish -lampreys and hagfish -considered a superclass divided into class myxini (hagfish) and class cephalaspidomorphii (lampreys) |
| Superclass Gnathostomata | - includes fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, and amphibians -jaws work up and down -2 sets of paired appendages |
| Class Chondrichthyes | -cartilage fish -sharks, skates, rays -lateral line system -internal fertilization -oviparous, ovoviviparious, and viviparous -have to move to keep water over gills -2 chambered heart |
| lateral line system | row of tiny organs sensitive to changes in water pressure, help detect sound waves and splashing |
| oviparous | eggs hatch outside body |
| ovoviviparous | eggs hatch inside uterus after being nourished by yolk |
| viviparous | give birth to live young that receive nourishment from mother's blood |
| Class Osteichthyes | -bony fish -common fish are these -lateral line system -operculum, protective flap over gills -can breathe while stationary -swim bladder (air sac maintaining buoyancy) -oviparous, external fertilization -2 chambered heart -(2 subclasses to remember) |
| Subclass Actinopterygii | (Osteichthyes) -ray finned fish, most fish known today -bass, salmon, perch, etc. |
| Subclass Sarcopterygii | (Osteichthyes) -lobe-finned fish/lung fishes -not many left, once dominant predator in shallow water -can gulp air into lungs when ponds dry up -gave rise to amphibians |
| Class Amphibia | -close ties with water -must lay eggs in water or moist environment -eggs are no shelled and dry out easily -need moist skin to absorb oxygen from air -external ferilization -3 chambered heart -(3 orders to remember) |
| Order Urodela | (Amphibia) -tailed -salamanders |
| Order Anura | (Amphibia) -tailless -frogs, toads |
| Order Apoda | (Amphibia) -legless -caecilians |
| Class Reptilia | -amniotic egg (can be laid on land & dry places) -breathe only through lungs -keratinized skin -internal fertilization -oviparous, some viviparous -ectothermic -3 almost 4 chambered heart -(3 orders to remember) |
| Order Chelonia | (Reptilia) -Turtles |
| Order Squamata | (Reptilia) -lizards and snakes |
| Order Crocodilia | (Reptilia) -crocodiles and alligators |
| keratinized skin | prevents dehydration |
| ectothermic | absorb external heat rather than generating their own (need less energy than mammals) |
| Class Aves | -birds -closest relative to dinos -amniotic egg -hollow bones -one ovary, toothless -endothermic -4 chambered heart -internal fertilization -keeled sternum -feathers (light & strong, probably evolved from endothermy originally for insulation) |
| amniotic egg | shelled egg that retains water and can be laid on land or dry places |
| keeled sternum | anchors huge pectoral muscles necessary for flight |
| endothermic | they control their body temperature internally through metabolism |
| Class Mammalia | -hair -mammary glands (millk) -Endothermic (maintained by hair & fat) -4 chambered heart -internal fertilization -viviparous (besides monotremes) -differentiation of teeth -include eutherians, monotremes, and marsupials |
| Eutherians | placental mammals -extraembyronic membranes and uterine wall combine to form placenta that nourishes embryo -longer pregnancy |
| Monotremes | egg laying mammals -duck billed platypus and spiny anteater |
| Marsupials | -young born early and small -must crawl to pouch where they nurse and complete development |
| Order Primata | -early ones arboreal, insectivorous, nocturnal -gave rise to binocular vision -nails instead of claws, grasping hands -earliest were presimians (premonkeys) -probably gave rise to anthropoids (monkeys, humans, apes) -new & old world monkeys |
| New World Monkeys | -arboreal -tails -South America |
| Old World Monkeys | -some arboreal -some on ground -no tails -Africa, Asia -Apes |
| Australopithecenes | some of oldest hominids (4 mill years ago) |
| Lucy | best skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis, species remained unchanged for 1 million years until over taken |
| Homo habilis (handy man) | -had larger brain -used tools -arose 2.5 millions years ago -say separate line from Australopithecenes |
| Homo erectus | -java man & beijing man -found inside and outside of Africa -migration because of meet eating? -1.8 million years ago to 250,00 years ago -larger brains -include Neanderthal Man?? (130,000 - 35,000 years ago) -abstract thought (burial rituals) -speech? |
| Homo sapiens (wise man) | -modern man -multiregional and monogenesis models |
| Multiregional model | modern humans arose in parallel in several areas around the world |
| Monogenesis model | modern humans arose in africa only from H. erectus and spread to other areas eventually replacing other hominids that had migrated earlier |
| Evidence of models for modern man | -only Africa contains fossils of ALL proposed stages of hominid evolution -Neanderthal s and H. sapiens fossils coexisted and did not interbreed for 40,000 years in Israel -mtDNA traced all modern humans back to Africa 200,000 years ago |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.
Set Champions
Scatter Champion
20.2 secs by taltalxx
Space Race Champion
2,030 points by mollythedancer