Ch. 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment
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Created by:
OompaLumpiax3 on February 17, 2011
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23 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 polar molecule | molecule where the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges |
| cohesion | hydrogen bonds hold a substance together due to this phenomenon which contriubtes to the transport of water against gravity in plants |
| adhesion | clinging of one substance to another, leading water on the walls of he vessel help counter the downward pull of gravity |
| surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; it allows water behave as almost an invisible film due to the hydrogen bonds |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| heat | measure of the total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter |
| temperature | measures the intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy |
| calorie | amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water |
| specific heat | mount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree Celsius. Because of water's high ________ _________, they are able to resist chage in their own temperature than if they were made of a liquid with a lower _________ ___________ |
| Heat of vaporization | quantity of hear a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state. Water's high ________ _______ helps moderate Earth's climate |
| Evaporative cooling | As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. This phenomenon is called _________ __________ because the "hottest" molecules, those with the highest kinetic energy are most likely to leave as a gas. This contributes to the stability of temperature in lakes and ponds since terrestrial organisms are then protected from overheating. |
| solution | a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 more substances |
| solvent | dissolving agent |
| solute | substance that is dissolved |
| hydration shell | sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion that allows water to work inward and eventually dissolve all ions of a molecule |
| acid | substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| base | substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, mostly by directly accepting hydrogen ions |
| buffers | minimize changes in the concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution by accepting hydrogen ions from a the solution when they are in excess, and also by donating hydrogen ions when they have been depleted. BICARBONATE ion is the most important buffer in human blood |
| acid precipitation | rain, snow, fog that is more acidic than pH of 5.6; it is primarily due to the presence of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides that react with water in the air to form strong acids (usually from fossil fuels and electrical power plants burning coal). Effect: biological molecules and vulnerable eggs in lakes, mineral ions that buffer soil solution, increases solubility of toxic substances |
| hydrogen bonding | attraction that is responsible for the special characteristics of water |
| transpirational-pull cohesion | water moves up a tall tree from the roots to the leaves without expenditure of energy because of this phenomenon |
| capillary action | this phenomenon results from the combined forces of cohesion and adhesion |
| spring overturn | the cycling of nutrients that is necessary for the life cycle of the lake: floating ice from the winter that insulated liquid below melts and becomes denser than water, so that the water is able to circulate and oxygen from the surface is returned to depths so winter bacteria nutrients carry to the top |
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