| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Jumanoes and Tiguas | Pueblo groups that lived in the Mountains and Basins Region (Western Texas); they were farmers who were friendly and cooperative with Whites. |
| adobe | a mixture of clay and straw that is left to bake in the sun; Jumanoes and Tiguas lived in dwellings made of this because they were cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. |
| Tonkawas | A tribe that lived in Central Texas where they developed a reputation as fierce warriors and skilled hunters; they were nomadic hunters, following herds of bison and other small game and were longtime enemies of the Apaches. |
| El Mocho | An Apache who was taken prisoner by the Tonkawa and became a powerful chief among them; he dreamed of uniting the Apache and Tonkawa, but was executed by the Spanish before accomplishing this dream. |
| Apaches | Nomadic hunter-gatherers who raided other tribes for food and loot. |
| Chief Geronimo | The Apache Chief who lead the last Apache resistance. |
| Comanches | Plains Indians who were nomadic hunter-gatherers; depended heavily on bison, maintained huge herds of horses, and were devastating warriors. |
| Quanah Parker | The Comanche Chief who led the last uprising. |
| Kiowa | A Plains Indian group that lived in the Panhandle; exhibited Mesoamerican customs in their culture, such as a pictographic calendar for record keeping and sun worhsip. |
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