Chapter 14
Order by
22 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Budget | A policy document allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits (expenditures). |
| Deficit | An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues. |
| Expenditures | Federal spending of revenues. Major areas of such spending are social services and the military. |
| Revenues | The financial resources of the federal government. The individual income tax and Social Security tax are two major sources of _____. |
| Income Tax | Shares of individual wages and corporate revenues collected by the government. The 16th Amendment explicitly authorized Congress to levy a tax on income. |
| Sixteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. |
| Federal Debt | All the money borrowed by the federal government over the years and still outstanding. Today the ___ is about $5.6 trillion. |
| Tax Expenditures | Revenue losses that result from special exemptions, exclusions, or deductions on federal tax law. |
| Social Security act | A 1935 law passed during the Great Depression that was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans and thus save them from poverty. |
| Medicare | A program added to the Social Security system in 1963 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor free and other health expenses. |
| Incrementalism | The belief that the best predictor of this year's budget is last year's budget, plus a little bit more (an increment). According to Aaron Wildavsky, "Most of the budget is a product of previous decisions." |
| Uncontrollable Expenditures | Expenditures that are determined not by a fixed amount of money appropriated by Congress but by how many eligible beneficiaries there are for a program or by a previous obligations of the government. |
| Entitlements | Policies for which Congress has obligated itself to pay X level of benefits to Y number of recipients. Social Security benefits are an example. |
| House Ways and Means Committee | The House of Representative committee that, along with the Senate Finance Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole. |
| Senate Finance Committee | The Senate committee that, along with the House Ways and Means Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole. |
| Congressional Budget and Impounded Control Act of 1974 | An act designed to reform the congressional budgetary process. Its supporters hoped that it would also make Congress less dependent on the president's budget and better able to set and meet its own budgetary goals. |
| Budget Resolution | A rewritten binding Congress to a total expenditure level, supposedly that bottom line of all federal spending for all programs. |
| Reconciliation | A congressional process through which program authorizations are revised to achieve required savings. It usually also includes tax or other revenue adjustments. |
| Authorizations Bill | An act of Congress that establishes, continues, or changes a discretionary government program or an entitlement. It specifies program goals and maximum expenditures for discretionary programs. |
| Appropriations Bill | An Act of Congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills. Appropriations usually cover one year. |
| Continuing Resolutions | When Congress cannot reach agreement and pass appropriations bills, these resolutions allow agencies spend at level of the previous year. |
| Congressional Budget Office | Advises Congress on the probable consequences of its budget decisions, forecasts revenues, and is a counterweight to the president's OMB. |
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