PSYC Chapter 1
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Created by:
meganalope on February 17, 2011
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114 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 drug | a chemical administered in order to alter the physiological function of an organism. |
| exogenous | Drugs are ________. (Meaning they were once outside the body and were introduced into the body.) |
| drug | FDA definition: A substance other than food that alters physiological activity. |
| pharmacology | The scientific study of the effects of drugs on the body. |
| psychopharmacology | The scientific study of the effects of drugs on the psyche. |
| neuropharmacology | The scientific study of drug effects on the (central) nervous system. |
| psychomotor | Cocaine is a ______________ stimulant. (a drug that increases psychic activity) |
| 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine | One of the top two drugs used worldwide. (Overcomes fatigue.) |
| hydroxyethane | One of the top two drugs used worldwide. (Relieve stress.) |
| anxiolytics | Anti-anxiety medications. |
| psychostimulants | Amphetamines (like Adderall) are _____________. (Drugs that produces a transient increase in psychomotor activity.) |
| analgesic | Type of drug that relieves pain. |
| inflammatory | Steroids (like hydrocortisone) have anti-____________ properties. |
| opiates and opioids | The two types of analgesics are: |
| Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs | Aspirin, Ibuprofen, and Naproxen are examples of these. (NSAIDs) |
| cannabinoids | These are effective in the treatment of glaucoma pain, cancer pain, etc. (THC is an example.) |
| THC | The primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana . |
| therapeutic | A __________ effect is said to occur when the interaction between the drug and the physiological receptor produces the desired physical or behavioral change. |
| side effect | Any effect other than the therapeutic effect. |
| amphetamines | This psychostimulant class of drugs can be used to treat ADHD and help with weight control. |
| 1/3 | This fraction of subjects in non-double blind drug tests will experience some degree of the anticipated (placebo) effect with psychoactive drugs. |
| placebo potency | e.g. Placebo morphine will probably have more psychoactive effect than placebo aspirin. |
| bioavailability | Defined as the amount of drug in the bloodstream that is free to bind at a specific target site (receptor). |
| plasma | Testing of blood _____ levels help assess the bioavailability of a drug. |
| pharmokinetics | The dynamic factors that contribute to bioavailability. (like route of administration, absorption and distribution, binding, inactivation, and excretion. |
| route of administration | How the drug is introduced into the body. |
| PO | Shorthand for oral administration. |
| IV | Shorthand for intravenous administration. |
| IM | Shorthand for intramuscular administration. |
| oil | IM administration has characteristic slow, even absorption. (ex. steroids) However, it is even slower when it is dissolved in ___. |
| SC | Shorthand for subcutaneous administration. |
| topical administration | Route of administration that is characterized by snorting. (Skin application) |
| mucous | Drugs administered topically are readily absorbed through ______ membranes. |
| epidural administration | Route of administration that is characterized by an injection directly into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord. |
| regional | Epidural administration is great for ________ anesthesia. |
| intraperitoneal | (IP) During animal testing, this is characterized by a direct injection via needle into the vascularized region surrounding the intestines. |
| intracerebroventricular | (ICV) During animal testing, this is characterized by the direct administration via implanted cannula into the lateral ventricles of the brain. |
| intracranial | During animal testing, characterized by the direct administration via implanted cannula into a discrete brain region. |
| lipophilic | These drugs are highly lipid soluble. They are also hydrophobic. |
| passive | Lipophilic drugs move readily through cell membranes by __________ diffusion. |
| bloodstream barrier | BBB. |
| lipophobic | Lipid soluble drugs cross the BBB much more readily than ___________ drugs. (hydrophilic) |
| area postrema | The area of the medulla responsible for the regurgitation reflex that is often called the "Chemical Trigger Zone." |
| median eminence | The area of the hypothalamus that allows hypothalamic hormones to circulate to the anterior pituitary gland. |
| blood-placental | Many psychoactive drugs pass the _____________ barrier from the mother's bloodstream into fetal circulation. |
| teratogenic drugs | These drugs are known to produce birth defects at higher rates in babies born to mothers who used them during pregnancy. |
| cocaine | This drug causes heart defects, stroke, SIDS, etc. in infants. |
| ethanol | This drugs causes FAS in infants. |
| retinoids | These are drugs related to Vitamin A that can cause problems in infants. |
| lithium | These drugs cause heart defects in infants. |
| Phenytoin | These drugs cause FAS-like effects in infants. |
| tetracyclines | These drugs cause weakened bones and teeth in infants. |
| valproic acid | Drugs made with this can cause Spina bifida and microencephaly in infants. |
| Depakote | Drug made with valproic acid that is used to treat epilepsy, bipolar, schizophrenia, and to treat migraines. |
| less | Drugs that ionize are ____ likely to get absorbed. |
| lipid | Drugs that become ionized in water are not _____ soluble. |
| pKa | An intrinsic property of the drug molecule which relates the pH of the solution in which the drug would be 50% ionized. |
| acidic | Drugs that are acids become more lipid soluble in ______ environments like stomach fluids. |
| alkaline | Drugs that are acids become less lipid soluble in ______ environments like stomach fluids. |
| depot binding | Occurs when a drug binds to a physiologically inactive site. |
| plasma | #1 depot binding site: ______ protein. (like albumin) |
| depot | Fat and muscle are major contributors to _____ binding. |
| reduces; target | Depot binding _______ the immediate effects of the drug because it lowers the total amount to reach ______ sites. |
| many | Depot binding may contribute to overdoes when a person is on _____ drugs. |
| saturation | Depot binding ________ "throws off" recommended dosages. |
| adipose | Fat cells are _________ tissue. |
| adipose | ________ tissue loves to bind THC. |
| withdrawal syndrome | Because THC is slowly released back into the system, it not associated with strong _________ __________. |
| biotransformation | The main mechanism of drug clearance is ______________. |
| metabolism | Biotransformation is another word for _________. |
| first-order kinetics | This order of kinetics assumes that a constant percentage (50%) of the free drug is cleared during a stated time interval known as the half-life. |
| half-life | The first order of kinetics assumes that a constant percentage (50%) of the free drug is cleared during a stated time interval known as the ____________. |
| zero-order kinetics | This order of kinetics occurs when a constant amount of a given drug is cleared from the bloodstream over the given time period. |
| decrease | According to zero-order kinetics, there is no experimental _______ in drug concentration in the blood. |
| zero | Ethanol is an example of a ____-order drug. |
| nonsynthetic | Type I Biotransformation in the Liver: ________ modifications are characterized by the active drug NOT being combined with something else. |
| oxidation; reduction; hydrolysis | The number on Type I biotransformation (in the liver) that is ________, _________ or __________. |
| synthetic reactions | Type II Biotransformations in the Liver: These reactions are also known as conjugations and are characterized by the parent drug combining with a small molecule. (like glucuronide, sulfate, or a methyl group) |
| oxidation | The most common type I biotransformation in the liver. |
| less | Oxidation usually renders the metabolite ____ lipid soluble. |
| glucuronide conjugation | Most common Type II Biotransformation Conjugation. |
| lipophobic | The glucuronide conjugates are highly ionized and therefore highly __________, which renders the metabolite inactive. |
| psychoactive | Glucuronide conjugation is especially important for clearing ______________ drugs. |
| drug-drug | ___________ competition occurs when several drugs are present in the body and each of them depends on cytochrome P450 for metabolism. |
| saturability | This characteristic is achieved when toxic levels of one or more of a drug in need of being metabolized by P450. This occurs because P450 cannot process them all. |
| polymorphisms | These are from genetic variations; People differ in how powerfully their particular liver enzymes metabolize drugs. (ex. Asians have worse hangovers.) |
| acetaldehyde | Half of all Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans show a reduced ability to metabolize _________- a metabolite of ethanol. |
| pharmacodynamics | Describes the interactions between drug molecules (acting as ligands) and their physiological targets (known as receptors.) |
| ligand | A molecule which binds a certain type of receptor with significant selectivity. |
| receptor | A large protein structure serving as the physiological target for a ligand. |
| Subtypes | Receptor _________: Most receptors for neurotransmitters come in different varieties, depending on what the "goal" of the transmitter-receptor interaction is in that particular region of the brain. (ex. there is more than one dopamine receptor and they cause different effects.) |
| receptor; transmitter | The physiological outcome of the interaction between a neurotransmitter and its receptor depends on the _______ and NOT on the ____________. |
| direct | ______ agonists mimic the action of a particular neurotransmitter. |
| direct agonist | Nicotine is a ______ ________ because it mimics the neurotransmitter acetyl choline. |
| indirect; increase | ________ agonists work by various other mechanisms (e.g. inhibition of metabolism) to _______ the biological activity at a certain ligand-receptor complex. |
| indirect agonist | Eldopa is an example of an ________ _________ in that it is the precursor to dopamine and allows existing cells to produce more dopamine. |
| Eldopa | The precursor to Dopamine. |
| antagonists | These are ligands that "take up the parking space." They bind targets to suppress the activity of a particular transmitter system. |
| antagonist | Naltrexone is an example of an __________ because it binds heroine receptors to treat narcotic overdose. |
| Naltrexone | This drug can bind heroine receptors to treat narcotic overdose. |
| True | True or False: A ligand can leave its binding site. |
| Naloxone | Used as emergency overdose treatment in opioid abusers. |
| sigmoid | The typical dose-response curve is _______-shaped when the dose is plotted on a logarithmic scale. |
| effective dose | The dose at which half the maximal effect is observed is defined as the ED50, or the _________ ____. |
| max response | This is the point where the dose reaches 100% response. If the does increases, the response does not. |
| potency | The amount of a drug required to achieve a particular effect. |
| efficacy | The maximum achievable effect which a drug. |
| LD50 | Lethal dose for 50% of people. |
| therapeutic index | The ratio of a drug's LD50 to its ED50. |
| high | Safe drugs have ____ TI. |
| low | Risky drugs have ___ TI. |
| 100 | If you'd have to give someone 100 times the effective does to kill someone, what is the therapeutic index? |
| reverse tolerance | This occurs when, upon repeated administration of the same dose of a drug, a stronger effect is achieved. |
| drug sensation | Some drugs induce tolerance for certain effects, but ___________ for others. (Easier for a former cocaine addict to experience hypothermia or hyperactivity. |
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