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Memory The process by which we encode, store and retrieve info Encoding recording of info Storage info save and stored Retrieval recovery of stored info Sensory memory the initial momentary storage of info, lasting only an instant Iconic reflects information from the visual Echoic memory stores auditory info coming from the ears. Short term memory memory that holds info for 15 - 20 sec. Chunk a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit Rehearsal the repetition of info that has entered short term memory Elaborative rehearsal - occurs when the info is considered an organized in some fashion. Mnemonics firnak techniques for organizing info in a way that makes it more likely to remembered. Declarative memory - memory for factual info: names, faces, dates, and the like. Procedural memory - for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball. Semantic memory - memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts. Episodic memory - memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context 3 brain structure & Memory - Hippocampus - part of the brain's limbic system and plays a central role in the consolidation of memory. It aids in the initial encoding info, acting as a kind of neurological e-mal system -Amygdale - involved with memories involving emotions. Consolidation memories become fixed and stable in long term memory Roger Pitman develop a drug treatment that can temporarily block intense memories from forming Propranodol - a drug that is known to have an effect on areas of the brain that are responsible for memory storage. Primacy effect occurs in which items presented early in a list are remembered better. Recency effect in which items presented late in a list are remembered best. Retrieval cue a stimulus that allows us to recall more easily info that is in long term memory. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon ...- the inability to recall info that one realizes one knows, a result of the difficulty of retrieving info from long term memory Recall memory task in which specific info must be retrieved Recognition ...- memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives. Levels-of-processing theory - the theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed. Explicit memory ...- intentional or conscious recollection of info. Implicit memory memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior. Flash bulb memories ... - memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event (accuracy very bad) Eyewitness accuracy Not accurate Eyewitness accuracy & weapons present ...-Not accrate because people are look at the weapon instead of the event or persons face Autobiographical memories & accuracy our recollection of circumstances and episodes from our own lives. (inaccurate) Ebbinghaus & rate of forgetting Ebbinghaus studied the memorization of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF". By repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results, he was the first to describe the shape of the forgetting curve. Decay - the loss of info in memory through its non-use Proactive interference - interference in which info learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material. Retroactive interference - interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of info learned earlier because of later exposure to different material. Alzheimer's disease - an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems. Retrograde amnesia - amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event. Anterograde amnesia - amnesia in which memory is lost for for events that follow an injury. Korsakoff's syndrome - a disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and tendency to repeat the same story. Priming a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related info, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept