NBE CHEMISTRY Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
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Delawrence on February 19, 2011
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25 terms
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 anticodon | A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis. |
| base | Purine and pyrimidine compounds found in DNA and RNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U) |
| codon | a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid |
| complementary base pairs | the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| genetic code | the amino acids and "start" and "stop" signals that are coded for by each of the possible 64 mRNA codons |
| genetic disease | a hereditary disorder that is the result of an incorrect sequence of bases in the DNA (gene) of a particular chromosome; may be passed to offspring |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes for the construction of protein |
| mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
| nucleic acids | very large organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; found as a double helix in DNA and as the single strands of RNA |
| nucleoside | part of a nucleotide consisting of a pentose sugar and a base |
| nucleotides | subunit containing three components: pentose (5-carbon sugar) either ribose RNA or deoxyribose DNA, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(G), thymine (T) found in paris in DNA (A-T, G-C) and uracel (U) in RNA paris with A (A-U) |
| phosphodiester bond | the type of bond that links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA. joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide |
| primary structure | the first level of organization of a protein or nucleic acid; refers to the specific sequence of amino acids or nucleotides |
| replication | (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division |
| retrovirus | An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| RNA | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. |
| rRNA | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA. |
| Substitution | a mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide |
| transcription | It is the process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases; Although RNA polymerase traverses the DNA template strand from 3' → 5', the coding (non-template) strand is usually used as the reference point. Hence, the process proceeds in the 5' → 3' direction, like in DNA replication. However, unlike DNA replication, transcription does not need a primer to start and it uses base pairing to create an RNA copy containing uracil instead of thymine. |
| translation | (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| tRNA | short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according |
| virus | (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; Small particles containing DNA or RNA in a protein coat that require a host cell for replication |
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