Benchmarks
About this set
Created by:
annalee12395 on February 20, 2011
Subjects:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
249 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Archeologist | A scientist who is trained like a detective to uncover the stories of prehistoric people. |
| Artifacts | Human made objects (tools or jewelry) |
| Anthropologist | A scientist who studies the culture of prehistoric people by looking at objects left behind |
| culture | a people's unique way of life |
| paleontologist | a scientist that studies evidence of early life preserved in rocks |
| fossil | evidence of early life preserved in rocks |
| nomads | mobile people who move from place to place foraging for new sources of food |
| 5 characteristics of a civilization | record keeping, advanced technology, advanced cities, specialization of workers, complex institutions |
| ziggurat | "Mountain of God", place for worship, city hall and used for grain storage |
| Neolithic Revolution | the beginning of systematic agriculture |
| Fertile Crescent | curved shaped region that provided the best farming in the Middle East |
| City-state | A city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit |
| dynasty | a series of rulers from one family |
| polytheism | the belief in more than one god |
| empire | political system the brings together several peoples, nations, or independent states under one ruler |
| Hammurabi's Law Code | This was used to unify the Babylonian Empire, it included 282 laws |
| delta | Broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river |
| Pharaoh | Egyptian god-king |
| theocracy | type of government in which rule is based on religious authority |
| hieroglyphics | "sacred carvings", Egyptian system of writing |
| divine rights | concept where a ruler received his authority from the heavens |
| migration | the moving of a people from one region to another |
| caste system | the social system in India |
| reincarnation | an individual soul or spirit is born again and again until moksha is achieved |
| Siddhartha Guatama | Buddha's real name |
| Phoenicians | Civilization of great shipbuilders and sailors, establishing trading colonies throughout the Mediterranean. Had the language of 22 characters |
| Torah | The first 5 books of the Hebrew bible |
| Abraham | considered the "father" of the Hebrews. |
| monotheism | the belief in one god |
| covenant | the mutual promise between God and the Hebrew people |
| Moses | this man led the Hebrews out of Egypt and received the 10 commandments |
| Cyrus the Great | He allowed the Hebrews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild their temple. He was considered a military genius, tolerant leader, ruler of the Persian Empire |
| New Kingdom | The period of time in Egypt that the empire became more powerful and wealthy. Included the rule of Queen Hatshepsut, King Thutmose III, King Ramses II |
| Ashurbanipal | He collected over 20,000 tablets creating the ancient world's largest library in Ninevah |
| Royal Road | This was used to create a quick and easy route for communication throughout the Persian Empire |
| Zorastrianism | This religion taught that earth was in a constant struggle between good and evil. Can be seen in modern religions. |
| Confucius | This man had a deep desire to return order and moral living to Chinese society |
| Daoism | The philosophy of thought believes that there is a universal force called the Dao |
| legalism | this philosophy believes that government should be used to end civil disorder and restore harmony |
| autocracy | A government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner |
| Great Wall | Built under the Qin dynasty with the use of peasant labor |
| Mountainous terrain, long coastline, moderate temperatures | geographical features of Greece that had an impact on Greek politics |
| Trojan Wars | War fought between the Greeks and Trojans over trade route along the Mediterranean |
| Homer | Blind storyteller who wrote the Illiad and the Odyssey |
| myths | the name given to traditional stories about the Greek gods |
| polis | another name for Greek city state |
| acropolis | a fortified hilltop where citizens gathered to discuss city government in Greece |
| monarchy | a king or queen makes all governmental decisions |
| oligarchy | power is in the hands of a few people |
| tyrant | someone who seizes power by appealing to the common people for support |
| democracy | rule is by the people |
| Draco | created a system of laws that dealt harshly with those who broke the law |
| direct democracy | allows citizens to rule directly instead of through representatives |
| classical art | values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion became the standard for this type of art |
| Peloponesian Wars | war fought between Athens and Sparta |
| philosophers | "lovers of wisdom" |
| Socrates | charged with "corrupting the youth of Athens", and sentenced to death by hemlock |
| Plato | wrote The Republic |
| Aristotle | Taught Alexander the Great, his work helped to establish the scientific method today |
| Alexander the Great | the son of King Philip II and attacked the Persian empire. Later died of a fever at the age of 32. |
| cuneiform | wedge shaped writing developed by the Sumerians |
| republic | power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders |
| Senate | 300 members and was considered the aristocratic branch of Rome's government |
| legion | 5,000 Roman soldiers |
| Punic Wars | the 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage |
| civil war | conflict between groups within the same country |
| Julius Caesar | Conquered Gaul and became the absolute ruler of Rome eventually stabbed to death 23 times by the Senate |
| Augustus Caesar | first ruler the Republic named Octavian given the title "exalted one" |
| roads | this allowed for easy trade throughout the Roman empire |
| Jesus | born in the town of Bethlehem approximately around 6-4 B.C., a carpenter |
| Constantine | Roman emperor that recognized the Christian religion when he placed crosses on his soldiers' and created a document that declared Christianity a Roman Emperor approved religion |
| inflation | drastic drop in value of money and increase in prices |
| mercenaries | foreign soldiers who fought for money |
| Constantinople | New capital of Rome, named for Constantine |
| Hellenism | Mixing of Greek, Roman, and Hellenistic cultures |
| Latin | language used by the Romans, has influence upon many languages today |
| aqueducts | these provided fresh water daily to the Roman people |
| Bedouin | Arab nomads |
| Ka'aba | ancient shrine located in Mecca |
| Allah | Arabic word for God |
| Muhammad | Muslim religious figure who was orphaned at age 6, became a trader at 25, a prophet at 40 whose wife was Khadijah |
| Islam | "submission to the will of Allah" |
| Muslim | "one who has submitted" |
| Mosque | Islamic house of worship |
| Qu'ran | Holy book of Muslims, the collection of Muhammad's revelations |
| jihad | "striving" or the inner struggle against evil |
| algebra | Al-Khwarizmi, a mathematician developed this form of math that was "the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity" |
| Justinian's Code | Uniform code of laws created under Justinian that was created from over 400 years of Roman law |
| patriarch | leading bishop of the Eastern Church |
| ex-communication | taking away the membership to the church |
| Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox | 2 churches that formed when the Christian church split in 2 |
| Hagia Sophia | nicknamed "holy wisdom" it was the largest cathedral built of its time during Justinian's rule over the Byzantine Empire |
| Slavs | IndoEuropeans who migrated into Central Europe and became Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Czechs, Serbs |
| Mongols | Nomadic Turkic peoples who unified much of Eurasia under Genghis Khan, conquered Russia, Islamic Empire, and China |
| Kublai Khan | This Mongol ruled China and rebuilt the trade along the Silk Road |
| Shintoism | Religious beliefs in Japan called animism in which spirits reside in nature |
| Middle Ages | The medieval period from 500 to 1500 |
| monastery | name given to places where monks and nuns sought refuge from the chaos of the rest of the world |
| Charlemagne | named Charles the Great, extended Frankish rule, started the Carolingian Revival and was given the title "Roman Emperor" by the pope |
| fief | land granted by a landowner to a serf |
| serf | group of people not allowed to leave the land they were born |
| manor | the lord's estate |
| chivalry | set of ideals that a knight must do to defend their 3 masters |
| sacraments | important religious ceremonies (like Baptism) |
| canon | church law |
| Holy Roman Emperor | Formerly known as the Roman Empire of the German Nation created by Otto I |
| crusades | a "Holy War" to gain control of the Holy Land |
| Jerusalem | city that was captured in 1099 by Crusaders |
| Reconquista | effort by the Spanish to push Muslims out of Spain |
| Spanish Inquisition | King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella used this to restore order to and suppress heresy in Spain after the Reconquista |
| guild | organization of individuals in the same business/occupation working to improve the economic/social conditions of its members |
| vernacular | everyday language of their homeland |
| Battle of Hastings | the battle that took place after the King Edward the Confessor died without heir which changed the course of English history in 1066 when William the Conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson |
| jury | a group of 12 loyal people in England who answered a judge's questions about the facts of a case |
| common law | unified body of law created from court rulings of England's royal judges |
| Magna Carta | document that King John was forced to sign allowing certain basic political rights in England |
| parliament | legislative group in England, created by King Edward I, composed of two houses |
| Great Schism | split in the church that occurred in the 14th century which greatly weakened its power in Europe |
| bubonic plague | deadly disease that killed 1/3 of Europe's population; known as Black Death |
| Hundred Years War | war that started with the death of the last Capetian king in France, introduced the longbow to battle ended the age of chivalry, forced the English from France entirely |
| Ghana | 1st great African trading kingdom 300 A.D., located between gold mines and salt trade |
| Mali | 2nd great West African Muslim trading kingdom during the 1200s which taxed all goods transported through its kingdom ruled by Mansa Musa |
| Songhay | 3rd great West African Muslim trading kingdom which was larger that Mali and Ghana and defeated by armies from Morocco |
| Zimbabwe | Bantu speaking culture located in the interior of Africa around 1000 A.D. that built advanced stone enclosures |
| Berber | North Africans who traded salt for gold trade with sub-Saharan Africans |
| Mayans | MesoAmerican empire located on the Yucatan Peninsula, devised the use of zero, and created accurate calendars |
| Aztecs | group that built a warrior empire centered at its capital Tenochtitlan and based around human sacrifice |
| kipu | name for the knotted rope system used as a method of record keeping by the Incas |
| Incas | empire centered in Peru that built a network of roads and bridges through the Andes |
| Renaissance | rebirth/revival of the Arts and learning |
| Micheangelo | Renaissance artist who was best known for his paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his statue of David |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Considered a true "Renaissance man", this Renaissance artist was responsible for the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper |
| Raphael | Renaissance artist famous for his use of perspective in his paintings including School of Athens |
| Machiavelli | Wrote the famous work The Prince |
| Thomas More | Wrote the book Utopia |
| Shakespeare | Considered the most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age in England whose works included Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth |
| Gutenburg | Built the printing press in Mainz, Germany in 1440 printing a bible as the first book from the press |
| Indulgences | A pardon releasing someone from performing the penalty for a sin |
| Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther's actions started this in Europe |
| Peace of Augsburg | Stated that each prince would decide the religion of his kingdom |
| John Calvin | Believed that God knows from the beginning of time who will be saved and continued the Reformation in Switzerland later creating the Calvinist faith |
| Catholic Reformation | Also called the Counter Reformation |
| Compass, Sextant, Astrolabe | 3 things that made it possible for Europeans to sail large distances |
| Columbus | sailed for the Spanish in 1492 and led to disputes between the Spanish and Portuguese |
| Da Gama | Reached Asia by traveling around Africa and securing precious cargo such as spices and silk |
| Amerigo Vespucci | America is named after this man |
| Magellan | Discovered Guam and the Philippines by sailing around South America, but died in a local war in the Philippines |
| conquistador | Spanish conquerors of Latin America |
| Cortez | Conquistador that conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan for Spain |
| Jamestown | Settlement that was established in 1607 and named for King James of England |
| France lost land east of the Mississippi | Effect of Seven Years War on the U.S. |
| triangular trade | slaves, rum, and guns were involved in this trade |
| middle passage | the journey slaves took from Africa to the West Indies and then to the Americas |
| Columbian Exchange | transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources |
| Mercantilism | the idea of a country's power being dependent upon the amount of wealth that country had |
| export more than import | how a favorable balance of trade worked |
| Spanish armada | what the Spanish launched in 1588 to to attack England and Queen Elizabeth I, but was defeated by the English |
| absolute monarch | the form of government where kings/queens hold all power within their states' boundaries based on the concept in which the monarchy was placed on Earth as his representative |
| Cardinal Richelieu | ruled France during Louis XIII's reign as king |
| Cardinal Mazarin | Louis XIV's finance minister who enacted mercantilist policies to gain wealth for France |
| Louis XIV | monarch nicknamed the "Sun-king" and lived at his palace in Versailles, France |
| Romanov | family that became the new dynasty in Russia in 1613 |
| Peter the Great | became the czar of Russia in 1696, went on a 'Grand Embassy" to the west to westernize Russia and built the city of St. Petersburg with the labor of serfs |
| Oliver Cromwell | created the New Model Army and eventually created/ruled over the English Commonwealth |
| habeus corpus | law that gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought to court to specify charges against the prisoner |
| Glorious Revolution | the name for the event in which William and Mary staged a bloodless overthrew of King James II of England in 1688 |
| constitutional monarchy | form of government that limits the power of the ruler with laws |
| Scientific Revolution | the period of time in which scholars challenged accepted beliefs with new theories based on the work of scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and Vesalius |
| heliocentric | theory that was devised by Nicolas Copernicus which paced the Sun at the center of the universe |
| Galileo | developed the law of universal gravitation |
| Enlightenment | intellectutal movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems |
| John Locke | believed people were capable of self government and developed the idea of natural rights such as life, liberty, and property |
| Rousseau | wrote The Social Contract which argued this agreement was different because the people were creating the government and society were a free people able to choose for themselves what was best |
| Montesquieu | developed the idea of separation of powers |
| Boston Tea Party | how Americans protest the British Tea tax in Boston |
| Declaration of Independence | document written by Thomas Jefferson in Philadelphia, PA during the Second Continental Congress of 1776 which brought forth the ideas of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness |
| Article of Confederation | the U.S. first form of government which failed due to no executive or judicial branches, had no power to collect taxes, and passing laws and making changes to the government were nearly impossible |
| US constitution | US second form of government still used today which was created in Philadelphia, PA at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 |
| checks and balances | a system in which each branch of government could check the actions of the other two to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful |
| Federalist Papers | written in support of ratifying the constitution by men such as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the Constitution that protect some of our very important individual rights as citizens |
| Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette | leaders of France before and during the French Revolution who were characterized as weak/poor rulers |
| Tennis Court Oath | the pledge the National Assembly made to stay until they had created a new constitution |
| Declaration of Rights of the Man and Citizen | Adopted by the National Assembly that stated revolutionary ideals, but neglected the rights of women |
| guillotine | device used during the French Revolution to make executions easier and more humane |
| Robespierre | Jacobin leader that slowly gained power and became leader of the Committee of Public Safety |
| Reign of Terror | period of time in which Robespierre governed France as a virtual dictator |
| Napolean | born on Corsica and sent to military school in France and later ruled as a military dictator |
| Coup de'tat | a sudden seizure of power, "Blow to the state" |
| Napoleonic Code | uniform set of laws created by Napolean during his time as dictator of France |
| Louisiana Purchase | Thomas Jefferson purchased this from Napolean and France for $15 million |
| guerilla warfare | military tactic where people ambushed the enemy and fled into hiding |
| Battle of Waterloo | battle that Napolean is defeated by the Duke of Wellington |
| legitimacy | principle established by Klemens von Metternich at the Congress of Vienna |
| balance of power | political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others |
| divine rights | hereditary right of a monarch to rule |
| Industrial Revolution | the greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s |
| capital, resources, workers | factors of production |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin |
| entrepreneur | person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of business |
| Robert Fulton | built the steamboat Clermont |
| Slater | emigrated to the U.S. in 1789 and built a spinning machine from memory and a partial design |
| stocks | certain rights of ownership |
| corporation | business owned by stockholders who share in profits but are not responsible for debt |
| monopoly | a group's exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods |
| laissez faire | economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference |
| Adam Smith | wrote Wealth of Nations which included the 3 laws of economics: self-interest, competition, and supply and demand |
| Utopian society | founded in New Harmony, IN by Robert Owen |
| socialism | factors of production owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all |
| Karl Marx | outlined the idea of Marxism in the pamphlet The Communist Manifesto |
| communism | the form of socialism that meant the means of production would be owned by the people |
| strike | when workers refuse to work |
| Horace Mann | favored a free public education for all children |
| imperialism | seizure of power of a country or territory by a stronger country |
| Social Darwinism | application of Charles Darwin's idea about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies, used to justify imperialism |
| Berlin conference | meeting of 14 European nations to determine the rules for dividing Africa |
| assimilation | a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs |
| geopolitics | an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products |
| Crimean war | this war destroyed the balance of power in Europe and essentially ended the work of the Concert of Europe |
| annexation | adding of a region to the territory of n existing political unit |
| spheres of influence | an area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment |
| open door policy | proposed that China's "doors" be open to merchants of all nations to prevent China from being carved into formal colonies by Europe |
| Boxer Rebellion | event that showcased the frustration of Chinese peasants |
| Monroe Doctrine | document issued by Monroe in 1823 that stated Latin America was hands off to Europe |
| Spanish American war | the conflict in which the U.S. got involved in the Cuban war for Independence in 1898 |
| Panama Canal | what the U.S. completed in 1914 in Latin America that would provide a quick sea route to the Pacific from the Atlantic Ocean |
| Roosevelt Corollary | issued by president Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 as an extension to the Monroe Doctrine giving the U.S. the right to be "an international police power" in the western hemisphere |
| militarism, imperialism, nationalism, tangled alliances | 4 major causes of World War I |
| Otto von Bismark | known as the "Blood and Iron Chancellor" for his work unifying Germany with war |
| Russia, Great Britain, France | countries of the Triple Entente |
| Franz Ferdinand | his assassination sparked the start of World War I |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire |
| Allied Powers | Great Britain, France, U.S. |
| trench warfare | soldiers fought from trenches trading huge losses for small gains which resulted in a stalemate |
| unrestricted submarine warfare | German policy in which submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters |
| Zimmerman Note | telegram from Germany to Mexico that promised German support of Mexico's conquest of lost lands from the U.S. and pushed America into World War I on the Allies' side |
| rationing | system that limited the amounts people could purchase for certain items vital for the war effort |
| propaganda | one sided info designed to persuade people |
| armistice | an agreement to stop fighting |
| Woodrow Wilson | created the Fourteen Points |
| self determination | allowing the people to decide for themselves under what government they wish to live |
| League of Nations | the 14th point which was included in the Treaty of Versailles was supposed to create an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations. |
| Nicholas Romanov | the Russian czar who took throne in 1894 and led Russia during WWI |
| Lenin | leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution |
| communism | type of government that Russia changed to after the Russian Revolution |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Russia's new name |
| Stalin | took control of the Soviet Union after Lenin by placing his supporters in key positions within the Communist Party |
| Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany | Triple Alliance |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.
Set Champions
Scatter Champion
28.8 secs by itscaroline
Space Race Champion
4,320 points by Jennifer-michelle