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central authority in germany, which was divided into many competing states, it was difficult for the pope or the emperor to impose _______ _________ church taxes northern merchants resented paying ______ ______ to rome corrupt critics of the church claimed that its leaders were _______ pleasure the popes who ruled during the renaissance patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal ________, and fought wars pope alexander vi this pope admitted that he had fathered several children worldly many popes were too busy pursuing _______ affairs to have much time for spiritual duties read many priests and monks were so poorly educated they could scarcely _____, let alone teach people marrying some priests and monks broke their vows by _________ drank, gambled some priests and monks _____ to excess or _________ conduct influenced by reformers, people had come to expect higher standards of ________ from priests and church leaders 1500 the atmosphere in europe was ripe for reform by the early ____s lawyer martin luther's parents wanted him to become a _______. instead, he became a monk and a teacher scripture, wittenburg, saxony from 1512 until his death, luther taught _________ at the university of ____________ in the german state of ________ johann tetzel in 1517, luther decided to take a public stand against the actions of a friar named _______ _______ who was raising money by selling indulgences to rebuild st peter's cathedral in rome peter johann tetzel was raising money to rebuild st ______'s cathedral in rome indulgence a pardon. released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. not supposed to affect god's right to judge heaven unfortunately, tetzel gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into _______ 95 theses in response to tetzel's tactics, luther wrote __ _______ attacking the "pardon-merchants". on october 31, 1517, he posted these on the castle church door in wittenburg and invited other scholars to debate him theses formal statements reformation a movement for religious reform. led to the founding of christian churches that didn't accept the pope's authority forgiveness luther's teaching 1: people could win salvation only by faith in god's gift of ____________ bible luther's teaching 2: all church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the ______ equal luther's teaching 3: all people with faith were _____. therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them. punished initially, church officials in rome viewed luther simply as a rebellious monk who needed to be _________ by his superiors. threat as luther's ideas became more popular, the pope realized that this monk was a serious ______ force in one angry reply to church criticism, luther actually suggested that christians drive the pope from the church by _____ pope leo x in 1520, _____ ___ _ issued a decree threatening luther with an excommunication unless he took back his statements. luther did not take back a word. instead, his students at wittenberg gathered around a bonfire and cheered as he threw the pope's decrees into the flames. he was indeed excommunicated charles v holy roman emperor ________ _, a devout catholic, also opposed luther's teachings. he controlled a vast empire, including the german states. he summoned luther to worms in 1521 to stand trial. told to recant, luther refused recant take back statements edict of worms declared luther an outlaw, and a heretic. no one in the empire was to give luther food or shelter. all his books were to be burned. prince frederick the wise of saxony disobeyed the edict of worms. sheltered luther in one of his castles new testament while at prince frederick's castle, luther translated this book into german lutherans instead of continuing to seek reforms in the catholic church, luther and his followers had become a separate religious group, called __________ serfdom in 1524, german peasants, excited by reformers' talk of christian freedom, demanded an end to _______ peasants bands of angry ________ went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning. this revolt horrified luther. 100,000 the german princes crushed the peasant revolt, killing as many as ______ people. feeling betrayed, many peasants rejected luther's religious leadership selfish some princes genuinely shared luther's beliefs, and some like luther's ideas for ________ reasons. they saw his teachings as a good excuse to seize church property and to assert their independence from charles v loyal in 1529, german princes who remained _____ to the pope agreed to join forces against luther's ideas. protestants the princes who supported luther became known as ____________. eventually, that term was applied to christians who belonged to non-catholic churches catholic still determined that his subjects should remain _________, charles v went to war against the protestant princes. even though he defeated them in 1547, he failed to force them back into his church. peace of augsburg in 1555, charles was weary of fighting so he ordered all german princes to assemble. they agreed in this agreement that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. catholic when henry viii became king of england in 1509, he was a devout _______. he wrote a stinging attack on luther's ideas defender of the faith because henry viii was against luther, the pope gave him this title political needs ___________ _____ soon tested henry viii's religious loyalty. heir henry viii needed a male ____, and didn't want a war to start over who would take over his crown. catherine of aragon henry viii's wife mary henry viii and catherine of eragon's daughter annul set aside divorce by 1527, henry viii was convinced his 42 year old wife would have no more children. he wanted to _______ her and take a younger queen. holy roman emperor charles v the pope turned down henry viii's request to annul his marriage because he didn't want to offend catherine's powerful nephew, ____ ______ _______ _______ _ reformation parliament a set of laws that ended the pope's power in england anne boleyn in 1533, henry secretly married ____ ______, who was in her twenties. shortly after, parliament legalized henry's divorce from catherine. act of supremacy called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting henry, not the pope, as the official head of england's church thomas more this man, even though he criticized the church, remained a devout catholic and refused the act of supremacy. tower of london thomas more was imprisoned in the ______ __ ______ by henry and was eventually found guilty of high treason and executed elizabeth anne boleyn's first child with henry beheaded like thomas more, anne boleyn was found guilty of treason and was imprisoned in the tower of london. she was _________ in 1536 jane seymour henry's 3rd wife edward henry's son with jane seymour. seymour died 2 weeks later, though 3 after seymour, henry married _ more times. none of them gave him children, though 1547 henry died in ____ 9 edward became king of england when he was just _ years old 1553 edward vi died in _____, after just 6 years on the throne protestants edward vi's advisers were devout __________ pope mary, daughter of catherine of aragon, was a catholic who returned the english church to the rule of the ____ protestantism elizabeth i was determined to return her kingdom to ____________ anglican in 1559, parliament set up the church of england, or the _________ church, with elizabeth at its head. this was the only legal church in england marry to please protestants, priests in the church of england were allowed to _____. they could deliver sermons in english, not latin rich robes to please catholics, the church of england kept some of the trappings of the catholic church such as ____ _____. in addition, church services were revised to be somewhat more acceptable to catholics religious peace by taking her moderate approach, elizabeth i brought a level of _________ _____ to england. far reaching some protestants pushed for elizabeth to make more ___ _______ church reforms. mary queen of scots some catholics tried to overthrow elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, ____ ______ __ ______ philip ii elizabeth also faced threats from ______ __, catholic king of spain money ______ was one problem for elizabeth