thinking and intelligence
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Created by:
edwardhearts on February 21, 2011
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 concepts | mental categories for classifying events, objects, and ideas on the basis of their common features or properties |
| prototypes | A mental image that incorporates the features we associate with a category (yellow lab, pure bred dog) |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics |
| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| mental set | A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their accessibility in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments. |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
| belief bias | The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid. |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| Alfred Binet | 1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French) |
| mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a _______ of 8. |
| Louis Terman | revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children, a Stanford professor who believed "children of successful and cultured parents test higher than children from wretched and ignorant homes for the simple reason that their heredity is better." |
| Stanford-intelligence test | An adaptation of Binet's test by Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman, this was for many years the standard for intelligence tests in the U.S. |
| Binet IQ test | Visual coordination, verbal knowledge, knowledge of objects in pictures, perceptual discrimination, definitions, visual memory, sentence completion, comprehension |
| intelligence quotient | defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. |
| intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
| reification | giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concret, tangible object |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score |
| general intelligence (g) | a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. |
| Charles Spearman | intelligence; found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability) |
| Howard Gardner | devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic |
| multiple intelligences | Howard Gardner proposes that all humans are endowed with seven forms of intelligence: mathematical/logical, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, and kinesthetic. Schools usually emphasize the linguistic and mathematical/logical intelligences. |
| savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. |
| Robert Sternberg | intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) |
| triarchic theory | theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that states that intelligence consists of three parts including Analytic, Creative and Practical |
| emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. |
| aptitude tests | A test designed to predict a person's future performance |
| achievement tests | tests designed to assess what a person has learned |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | This is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. |
| WISC | An IQ test designed for school-age ochildren. The test assesses potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension |
| standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group |
| normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. |
| Flynn effect | the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years |
| reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting. |
| validity | The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. |
| content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks). |
| criterion | standard; basis for judgment |
| predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related _____.) |
| mental retardation | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. |
| stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
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